Molecular-based method of cancer diagnosis and prognosis

ABSTRACT

A gene profiling signature for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the gene signature includes 32 or 79 cancer survival factor-associated genes. Thus, provided herein is a method of determining the prognosis of a subject with a tumor by detecting expression of five of more cancer survival factor-associated genes in a tumor sample and comparing expression of the five or more cancer survival factor-associated genes in the tumor sample to a control. In some examples, an increase in expression of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 in a tumor sample compared to a control sample indicates poor prognosis. Also provided is a method of treating a patient diagnosed with cancer by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that alters expression or activity of one or more of the disclosed cancer survival factor-associated genes. Further provided are arrays including probes or antibodies specific for a plurality of cancer survival factor-associated genes or proteins.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is the §371 U.S. National Stage of International Application No.PCT/US2010/02426, filed Feb. 12, 2010, which was published in Englishunder PCT Article 21(2), which in turn claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/152,597, filed Feb. 13, 2009, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to the field of cancer and particularly tomethods for diagnosing and determining the prognosis of patients with atumor.

BACKGROUND

Cancer is responsible for about one third of all mortalities in theUnited States, while metastatic disease is responsible for more than 90%of all cancer-related deaths (Sporn, Lancet 347:1377-1381, 1996).Cellular abnormalities have been organized into six basic competencytraits that must be acquired for a malignancy to thrive:self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-proliferativesignals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential,sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis (Hanahan andWeinberg, Cell 100:57-70, 2000). These competencies are thought to bethe product of alterations attained by the tumor early in the clinicaltimeline. Coupled with the increasing heterogeneity of the tumor cellpopulation over time, multiple phenotypes may arise with varying levelsand tendencies of metastatic competency (Fidler, Nature Rev. Cancer3:453-458, 2003).

Animal models have added to the current understanding of malignant andmetastatic progression. The use of different models and techniques, suchas in vivo passaging for phenotype purification, transgenic animals forspecific molecular manipulation, and in vivo and ex vivo models forscreening of cancer therapies has led to functional insights that haveallowed development of useful models regarding the causes of malignancyand how to further investigate malignant behavior.

Another valuable and recent breakthrough over the past ten years hasbeen the development and use of high throughput assays, such asmicroarray expression analysis. Molecular profiling with this technologyhas gained acclaim and some utility in the management of select cancerpatients. Several gene expression-based assays are now marketed forimproved prognostic accuracy for patients with breast cancer (Driouch etal., Clin. Exp. Metastasis 24:575-585, 2007).

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein is a gene expression signature that can be used fordetermining the prognosis of a subject with a tumor, such as a breasttumor or lung tumor. In some examples, determining the prognosisincludes determining whether a tumor is benign or malignant. In otherexamples, determining the prognosis includes predicting the outcome of asubject with a tumor. In one example, the gene expression signatureincludes 32 or 79 genes whose expression is associated with poorsurvival in subjects with breast cancer. In another example, the geneexpression signature includes six genes whose expression is associatedwith poor survival in subjects with breast cancer or lung cancer. Thedisclosed gene expression signatures are highly predictive of survivaloutcomes, and are applicable to multiple tumor types. In particular, thesix-gene signature is especially predictive of survival and could beutilized as a rapid and inexpensive hospital-based assay, in contrast tocurrently available expensive extramural assays. The ability of the genesignatures to reliably predict survival (including metastasis-freesurvival) provides a particularly useful tool for selecting patient forsuitable treatment consistent with the likely progression of theirdisease.

Methods are disclosed for predicting a clinical outcome in a subjectwith a tumor (for example, a breast tumor or lung tumor). In an example,the methods include detecting expression of at least five cancersurvival factor-associated molecules listed in Table 1, Table 2, Table6, or combinations thereof (such as at least 5, at least 6, or at least12 of such molecules) in a tumor sample obtained from the subject withthe tumor. The methods also include comparing expression of the at leastfive cancer survival factor-associated molecules in the tumor sample toa control, wherein an alteration in the expression (such as an at leastabout 1.5-fold increase in expression) of the at least five cancersurvival factor-associated molecules indicates that the subject has apoor prognosis. For example, an alteration in the expression, such as anincrease in the expression (for example, an increase of at least about1.5-fold), of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily F, member 1 (ABCF1);coronin, actin binding protein, 1C (CORO1C); dipeptidyl-peptidase 3(DPP3); prolactin regulatory binding-element protein (PREB); ubiquitinprotein ligase E3A (UBE3A); phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1); or acombination thereof (such as five or more, or all) indicates a poorprognosis, such as a decreased chance of survival. In one example, adecreased chance of survival includes decreased overall survival,decreased metastasis-free survival, or decreased relapse-free survival.Alterations in expression can be measured using methods known in theart, and this disclosure is not limited to particular methods. Forexample, expression can be measured at the nucleic acid level (such asby real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction or microarrayanalysis) or at the protein level (such as by Western blot or otherimmunoassay analysis).

Also disclosed herein are methods for determining whether a subject hasa malignant or benign tumor (for example, a breast tumor or lung tumor).In an example, the methods include detecting expression of at least fivecancer survival factor-associated molecules listed in Table 1, Table 2,Table 6, or combinations thereof (such as at least 5, at least 6, or atleast 12 of such molecules) in a tumor sample obtained from the subjectwith the tumor. The methods also include comparing expression of the atleast five cancer survival factor-associated molecules in the tumorsample to a control, wherein an alteration in the expression (such as anincrease of at least about 1.5-fold) of the at least five cancersurvival factor-associated molecules indicates that the subject has amalignant tumor. For example, an alteration in the expression, such asan increase in the expression of five or more of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3,PREB, UBE3A, PTDSS1, or a combination thereof indicates the tumor ismalignant, such as a malignant breast tumor or a malignant lung tumor.

The foregoing and other features of the disclosure will become moreapparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments,which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the generation of mouse spontaneous andembolic metastasis models.

FIG. 2 is a series of Venn diagrams showing derivation of embolicmetastasis gene signature (EMGS) and spontaneous metastasis genesignature (SpMGS) gene sets.

FIG. 3A shows two Kaplan-Meier plots of metastasis-free survival (left)and overall survival (right) of patients expressing SpMGS in the van deVijver dataset. Patients who exhibited the SpMGS signature were assignedclass 2, whereas those who did not were assigned class 1.

FIG. 3B is a Kaplan-Meier plot of overall survival of patientsexpressing SpMGS in the GSE4922 dataset. Patients who exhibited theSpMGS signature were assigned class 2, whereas those who did not wereassigned class 1.

FIG. 3C is a Kaplan-Meier plot of relapse-free survival of patientsexpressing SpMGS in the GSE2034 dataset. Patients who exhibited theSpMGS signature were assigned class 2, whereas those who did not wereassigned class 1.

FIG. 4A shows two Kaplan-Meier plots of metastasis-free survival (left)and overall survival (right) of patients expressing EMGS in the van deVijver dataset. Patients exhibiting the EMGS signature were assignedClass 2, while those that did not were assigned Class 1.

FIG. 4B is a Kaplan-Meier plot of overall survival of patientsexpressing EMGS in the GSE4922 dataset. Patients exhibiting the EMGSsignature were assigned Class 2, while those that did not were assignedClass 1.

FIG. 4C is a Kaplan-Meier plot of relapse-free survival of patientsexpressing EMGS in the GSE2034 dataset. Patients exhibiting the EMGSsignature were assigned Class 2, while those that did not were assignedClass 1.

FIG. 5A is a series of Kaplan-Meier plots showing survival analysis inthe original datasets, based on the SpMGS 6-gene model. Class 2 includedpatients who exhibited the 6-gene signature and class 1 includedpatients who did not.

FIG. 5B is a series of Kaplan-Meier plots showing survival analysis inthree independent datasets, based on the SpMGS 6-gene model. Class 2included patients who exhibited the 6-gene signature and class 1included patients who did not.

FIG. 6 is a series of Kaplan-Meier plots showing survival analysis insix lung cancer datasets, based on the SpMGS 6-gene model. Class 2included patients who exhibited the 6-gene signature and class 1included patients who did not. HLM, Moffitt Cancer Center dataset; MICH,University of Michigan Cancer Center dataset; DFCI, Dana Farber CancerInstitute dataset; MSKCC, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centerdataset.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

There is a need for prognostic and diagnostic classifiers that canreliably stratify tumor subjects for therapy, as well as new targets fortherapeutic intervention of cancer. Metastatic disease is responsiblefor more than 90% of all cancer-related deaths, therefore identificationof genes that predict likelihood of metastasis is useful for determiningthe prognosis and selecting therapy for a patient with a tumor, as wellas providing new therapeutic targets.

In devising a model that accurately identifies the genetic perturbationsresponsible for metastases, differential expression between the primaryand metastatic lesions is not enough. For example, breast cancer growingin lung tissue should have tissue-specific alterations in geneexpression regardless of how it arrived there. This ambientorgan-imposed expression alteration confounds a straightforward approachtowards detecting metastatic competency genes (MCG). It is shown hereinthat by subtracting the ambient gene profile from the primary tumor andspontaneously metastatic tumor gene profiles, a MCG profile found in thespontaneously metastasizing cancer can be identified. Embolic lung andliver mouse models served to provide the respective ambient geneprofiles (embolic metastasis gene signature; EMGS). Incorporatingmultiple tropisms (lung and liver) allowed internally generated controlsfor genetic interpretive quality assessment. In addition, it allowedcategorization of gene sets into tropism-specific MCG if they wereunique to specific organ tropisms, or general MCG if they were presentin both tropisms. The spontaneous metastasis gene signature (SpMGS)represents the theoretical general MCG.

Gene profiling assays have proven extremely important to the clinicalmanagement of early breast cancer patients. The two commerciallyavailable assays have allowed identification of patients who are at lowrisk for recurrence, and subsequently may forego adjuvant chemotherapywith its associated morbidity (van't Veer et al., Nature 415:530-536,2002; van de Vijver et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 347:1999-2009, 2002). Thegene signature provided herein offers a similar utility, with apotentially smaller number of genes than current assays. It is amenableto transformation into a rapid and inexpensive hospital-based assay.

I. Terms and Abbreviations

ABCF1: ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F, member 1

CORO1C: coronin, actin binding protein, 1C

DPP3: dipeptidyl-peptidase 3

EMGS: embolic metastasis gene signature

HR: hazard ratio

ISH: in situ hybridization

LMsp: spontaneous lung metastases

LMtv: lung metastases tail vein model

LR: local recurrence

LvMsp: spontaneous liver metastases

LvMsv: liver metastases splenic vein model

MCG: metastatic competency gene

PREB: prolactin regulatory binding-element protein

PTDSS1: phosphatidylserine synthase 1

SpMGS: spontaneous metastasis gene signature

UBE3 A: ubiquitin protein ligase E3 A

The following explanations of terms and methods are provided to betterdescribe the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary skill inthe art in the practice of the present disclosure. The singular forms“a,” “an,” and “the” refer to one or more than one, unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “comprising a nucleicacid molecule” includes single or plural nucleic acid molecules and isconsidered equivalent to the phrase “comprising at least one nucleicacid molecule.” The term “or” refers to a single element of statedalternative elements or a combination of two or more elements, unlessthe context clearly indicates otherwise. As used herein, “comprises”means “includes.” Thus, “comprising A or B,” means “including A, B, or Aand B,” without excluding additional elements.

Unless explained otherwise, all technical and scientific terms usedherein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinaryskill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. All GenBank AccessionNos. mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those describedherein can be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure,suitable methods and materials are described below. The materials,methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to belimiting.

Antibody: A polypeptide including at least a light chain or heavy chainimmunoglobulin variable region which specifically recognizes and bindsan epitope of an antigen, such as a cancer survival factor-associatedmolecule or a fragment thereof. Antibodies are composed of a heavy and alight chain, each of which has a variable region, termed the variableheavy (V_(H)) region and the variable light (V_(L)) region. Together,the V_(H) region and the V_(L) region are responsible for binding theantigen recognized by the antibody. Antibodies of the present disclosureinclude those that are specific for the molecules listed in Tables 1, 2,or 6.

The term antibody includes intact immunoglobulins, as well the variantsand portions thereof, such as Fab′ fragments, F(ab)′₂ fragments, singlechain Fv proteins (“scFv”), and disulfide stabilized Fv proteins(“dsFv”). A scFv protein is a fusion protein in which a light chainvariable region of an immunoglobulin and a heavy chain variable regionof an immunoglobulin are bound by a linker, while in dsFvs, the chainshave been mutated to introduce a disulfide bond to stabilize theassociation of the chains. The term also includes genetically engineeredforms such as chimeric antibodies (for example, humanized murineantibodies), heteroconjugate antibodies (such as, bispecificantibodies). See also, Pierce Catalog and Handbook, 1994-1995 (PierceChemical Co., Rockford, Ill.); Kuby, J., Immunology, 3^(rd) Ed., W.H.Freeman & Co., New York, 1997.

Typically, a naturally occurring immunoglobulin has heavy (H) chains andlight (L) chains interconnected by disulfide bonds. There are two typesof light chain, lambda (λ) and kappa (κ). There are five main heavychain classes (or isotypes) which determine the functional activity ofan antibody molecule: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE.

Each heavy and light chain contains a constant region and a variableregion, (the regions are also known as “domains”). In combination, theheavy and the light chain variable regions specifically bind theantigen. Light and heavy chain variable regions contain a “framework”region interrupted by three hypervariable regions, also called“complementarity-determining regions” or “CDRs.”

References to “V_(H)” or “VH” refer to the variable region of animmunoglobulin heavy chain, including that of an Fv, scFv, dsFv or Fab.References to “V_(L)” or “VL” refer to the variable region of animmunoglobulin light chain, including that of an Fv, scFv, dsFv or Fab.

A “monoclonal antibody” is an antibody produced by a single clone ofB-lymphocytes or by a cell into which the light and heavy chain genes ofa single antibody have been transfected. Monoclonal antibodies areproduced by methods known to those of skill in the art, for instance bymaking hybrid antibody-forming cells from a fusion of myeloma cells withimmune spleen cells. Monoclonal antibodies include humanized monoclonalantibodies.

A “polyclonal antibody” is an antibody that is derived from differentB-cell lines. Polyclonal antibodies are a mixture of immunoglobulinmolecules secreted against a specific antigen, each recognizing adifferent epitope. These antibodies are produced by methods known tothose of skill in the art, for instance, by injection of an antigen intoa suitable mammal (such as a mouse, rabbit or goat) that induces theB-lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen,which are then purified from the mammal's serum.

A “chimeric antibody” has framework residues from one species, such ashuman, and CDRs (which generally confer antigen binding) from anotherspecies, such as a murine antibody that specifically binds a cancersurvival factor-associated molecule.

A “humanized” immunoglobulin is an immunoglobulin including a humanframework region and one or more CDRs from a non-human (for example amouse, rat, or synthetic) immunoglobulin. The non-human immunoglobulinproviding the CDRs is termed a “donor,” and the human immunoglobulinproviding the framework is termed an “acceptor.” In one example, all theCDRs are from the donor immunoglobulin in a humanized immunoglobulin.Constant regions need not be present, but if they are, they aresubstantially identical to human immunoglobulin constant regions, e.g.,at least about 85-90%, such as about 95% or more identical. Hence, allparts of a humanized immunoglobulin, except possibly the CDRs, aresubstantially identical to corresponding parts of natural humanimmunoglobulin sequences. Humanized immunoglobulins can be constructedby means of genetic engineering (see for example, U.S. Pat. No.5,585,089).

Array: An arrangement of molecules, such as biological macromolecules(such as peptides or nucleic acid molecules) or biological samples (suchas tissue sections), in addressable locations on or in a substrate. A“microarray” is an array that is miniaturized so as to require or beaided by microscopic examination for evaluation or analysis. Arrays aresometimes called chips or biochips.

The array of molecules (“features”) makes it possible to carry out avery large number of analyses on a sample at one time. In certainexample arrays, one or more molecules (such as an oligonucleotide probe)will occur on the array a plurality of times (such as twice), forinstance to provide internal controls. The number of addressablelocations on the array can vary, for example from at least one, to atleast 2, to at least 5, to at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, atleast 50, at least 75, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, atleast 300, at least 500, least 550, at least 600, at least 800, at least1000, at least 10,000, or more. In particular examples, an arrayincludes nucleic acid molecules, such as oligonucleotide sequences thatare at least 15 nucleotides in length, such as about 15-40 nucleotidesin length. In particular examples, an array includes oligonucleotideprobes or primers which can be used to detect cancer survivalfactor-associated molecule sequences, such as at least one of those ofthe sequences listed in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 6, such as at least2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least10, at least 12, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, atleast 60, at least 70, or at least 79 sequences listed in Table 1, Table2, or Table 6 (for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75,or 79 of those listed).

Within an array, each arrayed sample is addressable, in that itslocation can be reliably and consistently determined within at least twodimensions of the array. The feature application location on an arraycan assume different shapes. For example, the array can be regular (suchas arranged in uniform rows and columns) or irregular. Thus, in orderedarrays the location of each sample is assigned to the sample at the timewhen it is applied to the array, and a key may be provided in order tocorrelate each location with the appropriate target or feature position.Often, ordered arrays are arranged in a symmetrical grid pattern, butsamples could be arranged in other patterns (such as in radiallydistributed lines, spiral lines, or ordered clusters). Addressablearrays usually are computer readable, in that a computer can beprogrammed to correlate a particular address on the array withinformation about the sample at that position (such as hybridization orbinding data, including for instance signal intensity). In some examplesof computer readable formats, the individual features in the array arearranged regularly, for instance in a Cartesian grid pattern, which canbe correlated to address information by a computer.

Protein-based arrays include probe molecules that are or includeproteins, or where the target molecules are or include proteins, andarrays including nucleic acids to which proteins are bound, or viceversa. In some examples, an array contains antibodies to cancer survivalfactor-associated proteins, such as any combination of those sequenceslisted in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 6, such as at least 2, at least 3,at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 10, at least12, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, atleast 70, or at least 79 sequences listed in Table 1, Table 2, or Table6 (for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 79 ofthose listed).

In some examples, the array includes positive controls, negativecontrols, or both, for example molecules specific for detecting β-actin,18S RNA, beta-microglobulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase(GAPDH), and other housekeeping genes. In one example, the arrayincludes 1 to 20 controls, such as 1 to 10 or 1 to 5 controls.

ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F, member 1 (ABCF1): A member of thesuperfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, also known asABC27 or ABC50. ABCF1 is a member of the GCN20 sub-family of ABCtransporters and lacks membrane spanning domains. The protein interactswith eukaryotic initiation factor 2 and may play a role in proteinsynthesis. ABCF1 may also be regulated by tumor necrosis factor α, andthus may also be involved in inflammation.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences for ABCF1 are publicly available. Forexample, GENBANK® Accession Nos.: NM_(—)001025091, NM_(—)001090,BC112923, and BC034488 disclose ABCF1 nucleic acid sequences, andGENBANK® Accession Nos.: NP_(—)001020262, NP_(—)001081, AAI12924, andAAH34488 disclose ABCF1 protein sequences, all of which are incorporatedby reference as provided by GENBANK® on Feb. 13, 2009.

In one example, ABCF1 includes a full-length wild-type (or native)sequence, as well as ABCF1 allelic variants that retain the ability tobe expressed at increased levels in a tumor and/or modulate an activityof a tumor, such as metastatic potential. In certain examples, ABCF1 hasat least 80% sequence identity, for example at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or98% sequence identity to a publicly available ABCF1 sequence.

Breast cancer: A neoplastic condition of breast tissue that can bebenign or malignant. The most common type of breast cancer is ductalcarcinoma. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a non-invasive neoplasticcondition of the ducts. Lobular carcinoma is not an invasive disease butis an indicator that a carcinoma may develop. Infiltrating (malignant)carcinoma of the breast can be divided into stages (I, IIA, IIB, IIIA,IIIB, and IV).

Surgery is a treatment for a breast tumor and is frequently necessaryfor diagnosis. The type of surgery depends upon how widespread the tumoris when diagnosed (the tumor stage), as well as the type and grade oftumor. The surgeon may perform a lumpectomy, mastectomy, bilateralmastectomy. Chemotherapy is often used after surgery to treat anyresidual disease. Systemic chemotherapy often includes a platinumderivative with a taxane. Chemotherapy is also used to treat subjectswho have a recurrence or metastasis.

Cancer: A malignant neoplasm that has undergone characteristic anaplasiawith loss of differentiation, increased rate of growth, invasion ofsurrounding tissue, and is capable of metastasis. For example, breastcancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises in or from breast tissue(such as a ductal carcinoma) and lung cancer is a malignant neoplasmthat arises in or from lung tissue (such as non-small cell lung canceror small cell lung cancer). In other examples, prostate cancer is amalignant neoplasm that arises in or from prostate tissue and colorectalcancer is cancer that arises in or from large bowel (colon or rectaltissue).

Residual cancer is cancer that remains in a subject after any form oftreatment given to the subject to reduce or eradicate cancer. Metastaticcancer is a cancer at one or more sites in the body other than the siteof origin of the original (primary) cancer from which the metastaticcancer is derived. Local recurrence is reoccurrence of the cancer at ornear the same site (such as in the same tissue) as the original cancer.

Cancer survival factor-associated (or related) molecule: A moleculewhose expression is altered in a tumor cell (such as a metastatic tumorcell). Such molecules include, for instance, nucleic acid sequences(such as DNA, cDNA, or mRNAs) and proteins. Specific genes include thoselisted in Tables 1 and 2, as well as fragments of the full-length genes,cDNAs, or mRNAs (and proteins encoded thereby) whose expression isaltered (such as upregulated or downregulated) in response to a tumor,including a breast tumor or lung tumor. Thus, the presence or absence ofthe respective cancer survival factor-associated molecules can be usedto diagnose and/or determine the prognosis of a tumor in a subject aswell as to treat a subject with a tumor, such as a breast tumor or lungtumor.

In an example, a cancer survival factor-associated molecule is anymolecule listed in Tables 1 and 2. Specific examples of cancer (such asbreast cancer or lung cancer) survival factor-associated molecules thatare upregulated in a subject with a poor prognosis include ATP-bindingcassette, subfamily F, member 1 (ABCF1); coronin, actin binding protein,1C (CORO1C); dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 (DPP3); prolactin regulatorybinding-element protein (PREB); ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A); orphosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1).

Cancer survival factor-associated molecules can be involved in orinfluenced by cancer in different ways, including causative (in that achange in a cancer survival factor-associated molecule leads todevelopment of or progression of cancer) or resultive (in thatdevelopment of or progression of cancer causes or results in a change inthe cancer survival factor-associated molecule).

Consists essentially of: In the context of the present disclosure,“consists essentially of” indicates that the expression of additionalcancer survival factor-associated genes can be evaluated, but not morethan ten additional cancer survival factor-associated genes. In someexamples, “consists essentially of” indicates that no more than 5 othermolecules are evaluated, such as no more than 4, 3, 2, or 1 othermolecules. In some examples, fewer than the recited molecules areevaluated, but not less than 4, 3, 2 or 1 fewer molecules. In someexamples, the expression of one or more controls is evaluated, such as ahousekeeping protein or rRNA (such as 18S RNA, beta-microglobulin,GAPDH, and/or β-actin). In this context “consists of” indicates thatonly the expression of the stated molecules is evaluated; the expressionof additional molecules is not evaluated.

Control: A “control” refers to a sample or standard used for comparisonwith an experimental sample. In some embodiments, the control is asample obtained from a healthy patient or a non-tumor tissue sampleobtained from a patient diagnosed with cancer. In some embodiments, thecontrol is a historical control or standard reference value or range ofvalues (such as a previously tested control sample, such as a group ofcancer patients with poor prognosis, or group of samples that representbaseline or normal values, such as the level of cancer-associated genesin non-tumor tissue).

Coronin, actin binding protein, 1C (CORO1C): The protein encoded by thisgene is a member of the coronin-like family and contains five WDrepeats. CORO1C is also known as coronin 3. CORO1C is ubiquitouslyexpressed, associates with F-actin and is likely to be involved incytokinesis, motility, and signal transduction, as are other members ofthis family.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences for CORO1C are publicly available.For example, GENBANK® Accession Nos.: NM_(—)014325, BC002342, andAB030656 disclose CORO1C nucleic acid sequences, and GENBANK® AccessionNos.: NP_(—)055140, AAH02342, and BAA83077 disclose CORO1C proteinsequences, all of which are incorporated by reference as provided byGENBANK® on Feb. 13, 2009.

In one example, CORO1C includes a full-length wild-type (or native)sequence, as well as CORO1C allelic variants that retain the ability tobe expressed at increased levels in a tumor and/or modulate an activityof a tumor, such as metastatic potential. In certain examples, CORO1Chas at least 80% sequence identity, for example at least 85%, 90%, 95%,or 98% sequence identity to a publicly available CORO1C sequence.

Cox hazard ratio: The ratio of survival hazards for a one-unit change inlogarithmic gene expression levels. This ratio is derived from the Coxproportional hazards model, which measures the instantaneous force ofmortality at any time conditional on having survived until that time.The magnitude of the ratio indicates the degree of impact a one-unitchange in the logarithmic gene expression has on patient survival. Thus,a larger value has a greater effect on overall survival. In someexamples, a hazard ratio (HR) greater than 1 indicates that increasedexpression is associated with a reduction in patient survival. In otherexamples, a HR less than 1 indicates that decreased expression isassociated with a reduction in patient survival.

Decrease: To reduce the quality, amount, or strength of something. Inone example, a therapy decreases a tumor (such as the size of a tumor,the number of tumors, the metastasis of a tumor, or combinationsthereof), or one or more symptoms associated with a tumor, for exampleas compared to the response in the absence of the therapy (such as atherapy administered to affect tumor size via administration of abinding agent capable of binding to one or more of the cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules listed in Tables 1, 2, and 6). In aparticular example, a therapy decreases the size of a tumor, the numberof tumors, the metastasis of a tumor, or combinations thereof,subsequent to the therapy, such as a decrease of at least 10%, at least20%, at least 50%, or even at least 90%. Such decreases can be measuredusing the methods disclosed herein. In additional examples, the presenceof at least one of the disclosed cancer survival factor-associatedmolecules decreases a subject's chance of survival.

Detecting expression of a gene product: Determining of a levelexpression in either a qualitative or quantitative manner can detectnucleic acid molecules or proteins. Exemplary methods include microarrayanalysis, RT-PCR, Northern blot, Western blot, and mass spectrometry.

Diagnosis: The process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptomsand results of various tests. The conclusion reached through thatprocess is also called “a diagnosis.” Forms of testing commonlyperformed include blood tests, medical imaging, urinalysis, and biopsy.In some examples, a diagnosis includes determining whether a tumor isbenign or malignant. In other examples, a diagnosis includes determiningwhether a subject with cancer has a good or poor prognosis.

Differential or alteration in expression: A difference or change, suchas an increase or decrease, in the conversion of the information encodedin a gene (such as a cancer survival factor-associated molecule listedin Tables 1, 2, or 6) into messenger RNA, the conversion of mRNA to aprotein, or both. In some examples, the difference is relative to acontrol or reference value or range of values, such as an amount of geneexpression that is expected in a subject who does not have cancer (forexample breast cancer or lung cancer) or in non-tumor tissue from asubject with cancer. Detecting differential expression can includemeasuring a change in gene expression or a change in protein levels.

Dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 (DPP3): A member of the S9B family in clan SC ofthe serine proteases. DPP3 contains a unique zinc-binding motif and haspost-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity. Increased DPP3 activityhas been associated with endometrial and ovarian cancers.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences for DPP3 are publicly available. Forexample, GENBANK® Accession Nos.: NM_(—)130443, NM_(—)005700, BC001446,BC024271, and AK315478 disclose DPP3 nucleic acid sequences, andGENBANK® Accession Nos.: NP_(—)569710, NP_(—)005691, AAH01446, AAH24271,and BAG37862 disclose DPP3 protein sequences, all of which areincorporated by reference as provided by GENBANK® on Feb. 13, 2009.

In one example, DPP3 includes a full-length wild-type (or native)sequence, as well as DPP3 allelic variants that retain the ability to beexpressed at increased levels in a tumor and/or modulate an activity ofa tumor, such as metastatic potential. In certain examples, DPP3 has atleast 80% sequence identity, for example at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98%sequence identity to a publicly available DPP3 sequence.

Downregulated or inactivation: When used in reference to the expressionof a nucleic acid molecule, such as a gene, refers to any process whichresults in a decrease in production of a gene product (such as one ormore of those listed in Tables 1, 2, and 6). A gene product can be RNA(such as mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and structural RNA) or protein. Therefore,gene downregulation or inactivation includes processes that decreasetranscription of a gene or translation of mRNA.

Examples of processes that decrease transcription include those thatfacilitate degradation of a transcription initiation complex, those thatdecrease transcription initiation rate, those that decreasetranscription elongation rate, those that decrease processivity oftranscription and those that increase transcriptional repression. Genedownregulation can include reduction of expression below an existinglevel. Examples of processes that decrease translation include thosethat decrease translational initiation, those that decreasetranslational elongation and those that decrease mRNA stability.

Gene downregulation includes any detectable decrease in the productionof a gene product. In certain examples, production of a gene productdecreases by at least 1.5-fold, such as at least 2-fold, at least 3-foldor at least 4-fold, as compared to a control (such as an amount of geneexpression in a normal cell). In one example, a control is a relativeamount of gene expression or protein expression in a biological sampletaken from a subject who does not have a tumor or a non-tumor sampletaken from a subject with a tumor.

Expression: The process by which the coded information of a gene isconverted into an operational, non-operational, or structural part of acell, such as the synthesis of a protein. Gene expression can beinfluenced by external signals. For instance, exposure of a cell to ahormone may stimulate expression of a hormone-induced gene. Differenttypes of cells can respond differently to an identical signal.Expression of a gene also can be regulated anywhere in the pathway fromDNA to RNA to protein. Regulation can include controls on transcription,translation, RNA transport and processing, degradation of intermediarymolecules such as mRNA, or through activation, inactivation,compartmentalization or degradation of specific protein molecules afterthey are produced. In an example, gene expression can be monitored todetermine the diagnosis and/or prognosis of a subject with a tumor (suchas a breast tumor or lung tumor), such as to determine if a tumor ismalignant or to predict a subject's survival or likelihood to developmetastasis.

The expression of a nucleic acid molecule in a test sample can bealtered relative to a control sample, such as a normal or non-tumorsample. Alterations in gene expression, such as differential expression,include but are not limited to: (1) overexpression; (2) underexpression;or (3) suppression of expression. Alterations in the expression of anucleic acid molecule can be associated with, and in fact cause, achange in expression of the corresponding protein.

Protein expression can also be altered in some manner to be differentfrom the expression of the protein in a normal (e.g., non-tumor)situation. This includes but is not necessarily limited to: (1) amutation in the protein such that one or more of the amino acid residuesis different; (2) a short deletion or addition of one or a few (such asno more than 10-20) amino acid residues to the sequence of the protein;(3) a longer deletion or addition of amino acid residues (such as atleast 20 residues), such that an entire protein domain or sub-domain isremoved or added; (4) expression of an increased amount of the proteincompared to a control or standard amount; (5) expression of a decreasedamount of the protein compared to a control or standard amount; (6)alteration of the subcellular localization or targeting of the protein;(7) alteration of the temporally regulated expression of the protein(such that the protein is expressed when it normally would not be, oralternatively is not expressed when it normally would be); (8)alteration in stability of a protein through increased longevity in thetime that the protein remains localized in a cell; and (9) alteration ofthe localized (such as organ or tissue specific or subcellularlocalization) expression of the protein (such that the protein is notexpressed where it would normally be expressed or is expressed where itnormally would not be expressed), each compared to a control orstandard.

Controls or standards for comparison to a sample, for the determinationof differential expression, include samples believed to be normal (inthat they are not altered for the desired characteristic, for example asample from a subject who does not have cancer, such as breast cancer orlung cancer) as well as laboratory values (e.g., range of values), eventhough possibly arbitrarily set, keeping in mind that such values canvary from laboratory to laboratory. Laboratory standards and values canbe set based on a known or determined population value and can besupplied in the format of a graph or table that permits comparison ofmeasured, experimentally determined values.

Gene expression profile (or signature): Differential or altered geneexpression can be detected by changes in the detectable amount of geneexpression (such as cDNA or mRNA) or by changes in the detectable amountof proteins expressed by those genes. A distinct or identifiable patternof gene expression, for instance a pattern of high and low expression ofa defined set of genes or gene-indicative nucleic acids such as ESTs. Insome examples, as few as five genes provides a profile, but more genescan be used in a profile, for example, at least 6, at least 10, at least12, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, at least 70, ormore of those listed in Tables 1, 2, and 6. A gene expression profile(also referred to as a signature) can be linked to a tissue or cell type(such as a tumor cell), to a particular stage of normal tissue growth ordisease progression (such as advanced cancer), metastatic potential, orto any other distinct or identifiable condition that influences geneexpression in a predictable way. Gene expression profiles can includerelative as well as absolute expression levels of specific genes, andcan be viewed in the context of a test sample compared to a baseline orcontrol sample profile (such as a sample from the same tissue type froma subject who does not have a tumor). In one example, a gene expressionprofile in a subject is read on an array (such as a nucleic acid orprotein array). For example, a gene expression profile can be performedusing a commercially available array such as Human Genome GeneChip®arrays from Affymetrix® (Santa Clara, Calif.).

Hybridization: To form base pairs between complementary regions of twostrands of DNA, RNA, or between DNA and RNA, thereby forming a duplexmolecule, for example. Hybridization conditions resulting in particulardegrees of stringency will vary depending upon the nature of thehybridization method and the composition and length of the hybridizingnucleic acid sequences. Generally, the temperature of hybridization andthe ionic strength (such as the Na⁺ concentration) of the hybridizationbuffer will determine the stringency of hybridization. Calculationsregarding hybridization conditions for attaining particular degrees ofstringency are discussed in Sambrook et al., (1989) Molecular Cloning,second edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, N.Y. (chapters9 and 11). The following is an exemplary set of hybridization conditionsand is not limiting:

Very High Stringency (Detects Sequences that Share at Least 90%Identity)

-   -   Hybridization: 5×SSC at 65° C. for 16 hours    -   Wash twice: 2×SSC at room temperature (RT) for 15 minutes each    -   Wash twice: 0.5×SSC at 65° C. for 20 minutes each

High Stringency (Detects Sequences that Share at Least 80% Identity)

-   -   Hybridization: 5×-6×SSC at 65° C.-70° C. for 16-20 hours    -   Wash twice: 2×SSC at RT for 5-20 minutes each    -   Wash twice: 1×SSC at 55° C.-70° C. for 30 minutes each

Low Stringency (Detects Sequences that Share at Least 60% Identity)

-   -   Hybridization: 6×SSC at RT to 55° C. for 16-20 hours    -   Wash at least twice: 2×-3×SSC at RT to 55° C. for 20-30 minutes        each

Isolated: An “isolated” biological component (such as a nucleic acidmolecule, protein, or cell) has been substantially separated or purifiedaway from other biological components in the cell of the organism, orthe organism itself, in which the component naturally occurs, such asother chromosomal and extra-chromosomal DNA and RNA, proteins and cells.Nucleic acid molecules and proteins that have been “isolated” includenucleic acid molecules and proteins purified by standard purificationmethods. The term also embraces nucleic acid molecules and proteinsprepared by recombinant expression in a host cell as well as chemicallysynthesized nucleic acid molecules and proteins. In one example, anisolated cell is a breast cancer cell that is substantially separatedfrom other breast cell subtypes, such as non-cancerous breast cells. Inanother example, an isolated cell is a lung cancer cell that issubstantially separated from other lung cell subtypes, such asnon-cancerous lung cells.

Label: An agent capable of detection, for example by ELISA,spectrophotometry, flow cytometry, or microscopy. For example, a labelcan be attached to a nucleic acid molecule or protein (such as thoselisted in Table 1, 2, and 6), thereby permitting detection of thenucleic acid molecule or protein. Examples of labels include, but arenot limited to, radioactive isotopes, enzyme substrates, co-factors,ligands, chemiluminescent agents, fluorophores, haptens, enzymes, andcombinations thereof. Methods for labeling and guidance in the choice oflabels appropriate for various purposes are discussed for example inSambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold SpringHarbor, N.Y., 1989) and Ausubel et al. (In Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998). In a particularexample, a label is conjugated to a binding agent that specificallybinds to one or more of the cancer survival factor-associated moleculesdisclosed in Tables 1, 2, and 6 to allow for detecting the presence of atumor in a subject.

Lung cancer: A neoplastic condition of lung tissue that can be benign ormalignant. The majority of lung cancers are non-small cell lung cancer(such as adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous cell carcinoma, andlarge-cell cancer). Most other lung cancers are small-cell lungcarcinomas. In particular examples, lung cancer includes non-small celllung cancer.

Malignant: Cells that have the properties of anaplasia, invasion, andmetastasis.

Mammal: This term includes both human and non-human mammals. Examples ofmammals include, but are not limited to: humans, pigs, cows, goats,cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, and mice.

Metastasis: Cancer cells that have left the original tumor site andmigrated to other parts of the body, for example via the bloodstream orlymph system.

Metastasis gene signature: One or more genes that are differentiallyexpressed in a metastasis or a particular type of metastasis relative toanother type of tissue (such as non-tumor cells, primary tumor cells, oranother metastasis). In one example, the metastasis gene signature is aspontaneous metastasis gene signature (SpMGS), which includes genes thatare differentially expressed in one or more spontaneous metastasesrelative to one or more embolic metastases or local tumor recurrences(for example the genes listed in Table 1 or Table 6). In anotherexample, the metastasis gene signature is an embolic metastasis genesignature (EMGS), which includes genes that are differentially expressedin one or more embolic metastases relative to one or more spontaneousmetastases or local tumor recurrences (for example, the genes listed inTable 2 or Table 7).

In some examples, a metastasis gene signature is useful for predictingprognosis of a subject with cancer, wherein the presence of a SpMGS orEMGS in a sample from the subject indicates that the subject has a poorprognosis (for example, decreased chance of survival). In otherexamples, a metastasis gene signature is useful for diagnosing a subjectwith cancer, wherein the presence of a SpMGS or EMGS in a sample fromthe subject indicates that the subject has a malignant tumor.

Nucleic acid array: An arrangement of nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA)in assigned locations on a matrix, such as that found in cDNA arrays, oroligonucleotide arrays.

Nucleic acid molecules representing genes: Any nucleic acid, for exampleDNA (intron or exon or both), cDNA, or RNA (such as mRNA), of any lengthsuitable for use as a probe or other indicator molecule, and that isinformative about the corresponding gene, such as those listed in Tables1, 2, or 6.

Phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1): An enzyme involved in thebiosynthesis of phosphatidylserine. PTDSS1 utilizes phosphatidylcholineas a substrate for a base-exchange reaction to synthesizephosphatidylserine.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences for PTDSS1 are publicly available.For example, GENBANK® Accession Nos.: NM_(—)014754, BC002376, BC004502,BC004192, and D14694 disclose PTDSS1 nucleic acid sequences, andGENBANK® Accession Nos.: NP_(—)055569, AAH02376, AAH04502, AAH04192, andBAA03520 disclose PTDSS1 protein sequences, all of which areincorporated by reference as provided by GENBANK® on Feb. 13, 2009.

In one example, PTDSS1 includes a full-length wild-type (or native)sequence, as well as PTDSS1 allelic variants that retain the ability tobe expressed at increased levels in a tumor and/or modulate an activityof a tumor, such as metastatic potential. In certain examples, PTDSS1has at least 80% sequence identity, for example at least 85%, 90%, 95%,or 98% sequence identity to a publicly available PTDSS1 sequence.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): An in vitro amplification techniquethat increases the number of copies of a nucleic acid molecule (forexample, a nucleic acid molecule in a sample or specimen), such asamplification of a nucleic acid molecule listed in Table 1, 2, or 6. Theproduct of a PCR can be characterized by standard techniques known inthe art, such as electrophoresis, restriction endonuclease cleavagepatterns, oligonucleotide hybridization or ligation, and/or nucleic acidsequencing.

In some examples, PCR utilizes primers, for example, DNAoligonucleotides 10-100 nucleotides in length, such as about 15, 20, 25,30 or 50 nucleotides or more in length (such as primers that can beannealed to a complementary target DNA strand by nucleic acidhybridization to form a hybrid between the primer and the target DNAstrand, such as those listed in Table 1, 2, or 6). Primers can beselected that include at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least 50 or moreconsecutive nucleotides of a cancer survival factor-associatednucleotide sequence.

Methods for preparing and using nucleic acid primers are described, forexample, in Sambrook et al. (In Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,CSHL, New York, 1989), Ausubel et al. (ed.) (In Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998), and Innis et al.(PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press,Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990).

Prognosis: A prediction of the course of a disease, such as cancer (forexample, breast cancer or lung cancer). The prediction can includedetermining the likelihood of a subject to develop aggressive, recurrentdisease, to develop one or more metastases, to survive a particularamount of time (e.g., determine the likelihood that a subject willsurvive 1, 2, 3 or 5 years), to respond to a particular therapy (e.g.,chemotherapy), or combinations thereof. The prediction can also includedetermining whether a subject has a malignant or a benign tumor.

Prolactin regulatory binding-element protein (PREB): A WD motiftranscription factor that binds to a Pit-1-binding element of theprolactin promoter. PREB acts as a transcription factor in the pancreasand adrenal gland as well as the pituitary. PREB may be involved in someof the developmental abnormalities associated with partial trisomy 2p.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences for PREB are publicly available. Forexample, GENBANK® Accession Nos.: NM_(—)013388, BC016906, BC002765, andAF203687 disclose PREB nucleic acid sequences, and GENBANK® AccessionNos.: NP_(—)037520, AAH16906, AAH02765, and AAF19192 disclose PREBprotein sequences, all of which are incorporated by reference asprovided by GENBANK® on Feb. 13, 2009.

In one example, PREB includes a full-length wild-type (or native)sequence, as well as PREB allelic variants that retain the ability to beexpressed at increased levels in a tumor and/or modulate an activity ofa tumor, such as metastatic potential. In certain examples, PREB has atleast 80% sequence identity, for example at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98%sequence identity to a publicly available PREB sequence.

Sample (or biological sample): A biological specimen containing genomicDNA, RNA (including mRNA), protein, or combinations thereof, obtainedfrom a subject. Examples include, but are not limited to, peripheralblood, fine needle aspirate, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, surgicalspecimen, and autopsy material. In one example, a sample includes atumor biopsy (such as a breast tumor or lung tumor tissue biopsy). Inanother example, a sample includes isolated tumor cells, such as tumorcells isolated from blood of a subject with a tumor.

Sequence identity/similarity: The identity/similarity between two ormore nucleic acid sequences, or two or more amino acid sequences, isexpressed in terms of the identity or similarity between the sequences.Sequence identity can be measured in terms of percentage identity; thehigher the percentage, the more identical the sequences are. Sequencesimilarity can be measured in terms of percentage similarity (whichtakes into account conservative amino acid substitutions); the higherthe percentage, the more similar the sequences are.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in theart. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in: Smith &Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, 1981; Needleman & Wunsch, J. Mol.Biol. 48:443, 1970; Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA85:2444, 1988; Higgins & Sharp, Gene, 73:237-44, 1988; Higgins & Sharp,CABIOS 5:151-3, 1989; Corpet et al., Nuc. Acids Res. 16:10881-90, 1988;Huang et al. Computer Appls. in the Biosciences 8, 155-65, 1992; andPearson et al., Meth. Mol. Bio. 24:307-31, 1994. Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215:403-10, 1990, presents a detailed consideration ofsequence alignment methods and homology calculations.

The NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., J.Mol. Biol. 215:403-10, 1990) is available from several sources,including the National Center for Biotechnology (NCBI, National Libraryof Medicine, Building 38A, Room 8N₈₀₅, Bethesda, Md. 20894) and on theInternet, for use in connection with the sequence analysis programsblastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx. Additional information canbe found at the NCBI web site.

BLASTN is used to compare nucleic acid sequences, while BLASTP is usedto compare amino acid sequences. If the two compared sequences sharehomology, then the designated output file will present those regions ofhomology as aligned sequences. If the two compared sequences do notshare homology, then the designated output file will not present alignedsequences.

Once aligned, the number of matches is determined by counting the numberof positions where an identical nucleotide or amino acid residue ispresented in both sequences. The percent sequence identity is determinedby dividing the number of matches either by the length of the sequenceset forth in the identified sequence, or by an articulated length (suchas 100 consecutive nucleotides or amino acid residues from a sequenceset forth in an identified sequence), followed by multiplying theresulting value by 100. For example, a nucleic acid sequence that has1166 matches when aligned with a test sequence having 1554 nucleotidesis 75.0 percent identical to the test sequence (1166÷1554*100=75.0). Thepercent sequence identity value is rounded to the nearest tenth. Forexample, 75.11, 75.12, 75.13, and 75.14 are rounded down to 75.1, while75.15, 75.16, 75.17, 75.18, and 75.19 are rounded up to 75.2. The lengthvalue will always be an integer. In another example, a target sequencecontaining a 20-nucleotide region that aligns with 20 consecutivenucleotides from an identified sequence as follows contains a regionthat shares 75 percent sequence identity to that identified sequence(that is, 15÷20*100=75).

For comparisons of amino acid sequences of greater than about 30 aminoacids, the Blast 2 sequences function is employed using the defaultBLOSUM62 matrix set to default parameters, (gap existence cost of 11,and a per residue gap cost of 1). Homologs are typically characterizedby possession of at least 70% sequence identity counted over thefull-length alignment with an amino acid sequence using the NCBI BasicBlast 2.0, gapped blastp with databases such as the nr or swissprotdatabase. Queries searched with the blastn program are filtered withDUST (Hancock and Armstrong, 1994, Comput. Appl. Biosci. 10:67-70).Other programs may use SEG filtering (Wootton and Federhen, Meth.Enzymol. 266:554-571, 1996). In addition, a manual alignment can beperformed. Proteins with even greater similarity will show increasingpercentage identities when assessed by this method, such as at leastabout 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to amolecule listed in Tables 1, 2, or 6.

When aligning short peptides (fewer than around 30 amino acids), thealignment is performed using the Blast 2 sequences function, employingthe PAM30 matrix set to default parameters (open gap 9, extension gap 1penalties). Proteins with even greater similarity to the referencesequence will show increasing percentage identities when assessed bythis method, such as at least about 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%,98%, 99% sequence identity to a molecule listed in Tables 1, 2, or 6.When less than the entire sequence is being compared for sequenceidentity, homologs will typically possess at least 75% sequence identityover short windows of 10-20 amino acids, and can possess sequenceidentities of at least 85%, 90%, 95% or 98% depending on their identityto the reference sequence. Methods for determining sequence identityover such short windows are described at the NCBI web site.

One indication that two nucleic acid molecules are closely related isthat the two molecules hybridize to each other under stringentconditions, as described above. Nucleic acid sequences that do not showa high degree of identity may nevertheless encode identical or similar(conserved) amino acid sequences, due to the degeneracy of the geneticcode. Changes in a nucleic acid sequence can be made using thisdegeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid molecules that all encodesubstantially the same protein. Such homologous nucleic acid sequencescan, for example, possess at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%,or 99% sequence identity to a molecule listed in Tables 1, 2, or 6determined by this method. An alternative (and not necessarilycumulative) indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantiallyidentical is that the polypeptide which the first nucleic acid encodesis immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by thesecond nucleic acid.

One of skill in the art will appreciate that the particular sequenceidentity ranges are provided for guidance only; it is possible thatstrongly significant homologs could be obtained that fall outside theranges provided.

Specific Binding Agent: An agent that binds substantially orpreferentially only to a defined target such as a protein, enzyme,polysaccharide, oligonucleotide, DNA, RNA, recombinant vector or a smallmolecule. In an example, a “specific binding agent” is capable ofbinding to at least one of the disclosed cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules (such as those listed in Tables 1, 2, or 6).In other examples, the specific binding agent is capable of binding to adownstream factor regulated by at least one of the disclosed cancersurvival factor-associated molecules (such as those listed in Tables 1,2, or 6). Thus, a nucleic acid-specific binding agent bindssubstantially only to the defined nucleic acid, such as RNA, or to aspecific region within the nucleic acid. For example, a “specificbinding agent” includes an antisense compound (such as an antisenseoligonucleotide, siRNA, miRNA, shRNA or ribozyme) that bindssubstantially to a specified RNA.

A protein-specific binding agent binds substantially only the definedprotein, or to a specific region within the protein. For example, a“specific binding agent” includes antibodies and other agents that bindsubstantially to a specified polypeptide. Antibodies can be monoclonalor polyclonal antibodies that are specific for the polypeptide, as wellas immunologically effective portions (“fragments”) thereof. Thedetermination that a particular agent binds substantially only to aspecific polypeptide may readily be made by using or adapting routineprocedures. One suitable in vitro assay makes use of the Westernblotting procedure (described in many standard texts, including Harlowand Lane, Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, CSHL, New York, 1999).

Subject: Living multi-cellular vertebrate organism, a category thatincludes human and non-human mammals.

Survival: Time interval between date of diagnosis or first treatment(such as surgery or first chemotherapy) and a specified event, such asrelapse, metastasis or death. Overall survival is the time intervalbetween the date of diagnosis or first treatment and date of death ordate of last follow up. Relapse-free survival is the time intervalbetween the date of diagnosis or first treatment and date of a diagnosedrelapse (such as a locoregional recurrence) or date of last follow up.Metastasis-free survival is the time interval between the date ofdiagnosis or first treatment and the date of diagnosis of a metastasisor date of last follow up.

Target sequence: A sequence of nucleotides located in a particularregion in the human genome that corresponds to a desired sequence, suchas a cancer survival factor-associated sequence. Target sequences canencode target proteins. The target can be for instance a codingsequence; it can also be the non-coding strand that corresponds to acoding sequence. Examples of target sequences include those sequencesassociated with cancer survival factor-associated factors, such as anyof those listed in Table 1, 2, or 6.

Tumor: The product of neoplasia is a neoplasm (a tumor), which is anabnormal growth of tissue that results from excessive cell division. Atumor that does not metastasize is referred to as “benign.” A tumor thatinvades the surrounding tissue and/or can metastasize is referred to as“malignant.” Neoplasia is one example of a proliferative disorder.

Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A): A member of the family of E3ubiquitin ligases containing a C-terminal HECT domain (also known as E6activating protein (E6AP)). This protein accepts ubiquitin from an E2ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and transfers the ubiquitin to a targetsubstrate. UBE3A interacts with the human papilloma virus E6 protein andtargets p53 for ubiquitination and degradation. Maternal inheritance ofa UBE3A deletion causes Angelman syndrome.

Nucleic acid and protein sequences for UBE3A are publicly available. Forexample, GENBANK® Accession Nos.: NM_(—)130839, NM_(—)000462,NM_(—)130838, and BC009271 disclose UBE3A nucleic acid sequences, andGENBANK® Accession Nos.: NP_(—)570854, NP_(—)000453, NP_(—)570853, andAAH09271 disclose UBE3A protein sequences, all of which are incorporatedby reference as provided by GENBANK® on Feb. 13, 2009.

In one example, UBE3A includes a full-length wild-type (or native)sequence, as well as UBE3A allelic variants that retain the ability tobe expressed at increased levels in a tumor and/or modulate an activityof a tumor, such as metastatic potential. In certain examples, UBE3A hasat least 80% sequence identity, for example at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or98% sequence identity to a publicly available UBE3A sequence.

Upregulated or activation: When used in reference to the expression of anucleic acid molecule, such as a gene, refers to any process whichresults in an increase in production of a gene product. A gene productcan be RNA (such as mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and structural RNA) or protein.Therefore, gene upregulation or activation includes processes thatincrease transcription of a gene or translation of mRNA.

Examples of processes that increase transcription include those thatfacilitate formation of a transcription initiation complex, those thatincrease transcription initiation rate, those that increasetranscription elongation rate, those that increase processivity oftranscription and those that relieve transcriptional repression (forexample by blocking the binding of a transcriptional repressor). Geneupregulation can include inhibition of repression as well as stimulationof expression above an existing level. Examples of processes thatincrease translation include those that increase translationalinitiation, those that increase translational elongation and those thatincrease mRNA stability.

Gene upregulation includes any detectable increase in the production ofa gene product. In certain examples, production of a gene product (suchas those listed in Tables 1, 2, and 6) increases by at least 1.5-fold,such as at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold or at least 4-fold, as comparedto a control (such an amount of gene expression in a normal cell). Inone example, a control is a relative amount of gene expression in abiological sample, such as in a breast tissue biopsy obtained from asubject that does not have breast cancer, or a lung tissue biopsyobtained from a subject that does not have lung cancer.

Additional terms commonly used in molecular genetics can be found inBenjamin Lewin, Genes V, published by Oxford University Press, 1994(ISBN 0-19-854287-9); Kendrew et al (eds.), The Encyclopedia ofMolecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology andBiotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCHPublishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8).

II. Methods of Determining Prognosis of a Subject with a Tumor

Described herein is the identification of a metastasis gene signaturefor determining the prognosis of a subject with a tumor (for example abreast tumor or lung tumor). In some examples, determining the prognosisincludes determining whether a tumor is malignant or benign. In otherexamples, determining the prognosis includes predicting the outcome(such as chance of survival) of the subject with a tumor. Thus, providedherein is a method of prognosing a subject with a tumor. The methodincludes detecting expression of five or more cancer survivalfactor-associated genes, wherein the cancer survival factor-associatedgenes include the genes disclosed in Tables 1, 2, and 6 (for example,ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1), and comparing expressionof the cancer survival factor-associated genes in the tumor sample to acontrol. In some embodiments, the method includes detecting expressionof five or more (such as at least 5, at least 6, at least 10, at least12, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 50, at least 60, atleast 70, or more) cancer survival factor-associated genes. In someexamples, the method includes detecting expression of all of the cancersurvival factor-associated molecules in Table 1, all of the cancersurvival factor-associated molecules in Table 2, or all of the cancersurvival factor-associated molecules in Table 6.

In one example, the method includes detecting expression of cancersurvival factor-associated molecules including ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3,PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1. In some examples, the method includes detectingexpression of a plurality of cancer survival factor-associated moleculesin a tumor sample obtained from the subject, wherein the plurality ofcancer survival factor-associated molecules consists essentially of orconsists of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1. In someexamples, housekeeping gene expression is also detected, such as 1 to10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 2 housekeeping genes.

In some embodiments of the method, an alteration in expression of fiveor more cancer survival factor-associated genes in the tumor samplerelative to the control indicates a poor prognosis. In particularexamples, an increase in expression of five or more cancer survivalfactor-associated genes in the tumor sample selected from the groupconsisting of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 relative tothe control indicates a poor prognosis. For example, an increase in theexpression of five or more (for example, all) of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3,PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 relative to a normal control sample or referencevalue (or range of values) indicates a poor prognosis, such as adecreased chance of survival (for example decreased overall survival,relapse-free survival, or metastasis-free survival). In an example, adecreased chance of survival includes a survival time of equal to orless than 60 months, such as 50 months, 40 months, 30 months, 20 months,12 months, 6 months, or 3 months from time of diagnosis or firsttreatment. In other examples, no significant change in expression offive or more cancer survival factor-associated genes in the tumor sampleselected from the group consisting of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A,and PTDSS1 relative to the control indicates a good prognosis (such asincreased chance of survival, for example increased overall survival,relapse-free survival, or metastasis-free survival). In a specificexample, no significant change in expression of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3,PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 relative to the control indicates a goodprognosis (such as increased chance of survival, for example increasedoverall survival, relapse-free survival, or metastasis-free survival).In an example, an increased chance of survival includes a survival timeof at least 60 months from time of diagnosis, such as 60 months, 80months, 100 months, 120 months, 150 months, or more from time ofdiagnosis or first treatment.

Expression of the cancer survival factor-associated genes can bedetected using any suitable means known in the art. For example,detection of gene expression can be accomplished by detecting nucleicacid molecules (such as RNA) using nucleic acid amplification methods(such as RT-PCR) or array analysis. Detection of gene expression canalso be accomplished using immunoassays that detect proteins (such asELISA, Western blot, or RIA assay). Additional methods of detecting geneexpression are well known in the art and are described in greater detailbelow.

The alteration in expression of the cancer survival factor-associatedgenes can be any measurable increase or decrease in expression that iscorrelated with a poor prognosis. In some embodiments, the increase ordecrease in expression is at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least2.5-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least7-fold or at least 10-fold relative to a control sample. In someexamples, the increase or decrease in expression is about 1.3-fold toabout 4-fold, such as about 1.5-fold to 3.5-fold relative to a controlsample. The relative increase or decrease in expression level amongstthe cancer survival factor-associated genes can vary within a tumor andcan also vary between tumor samples.

Poor prognosis can refer to any negative clinical outcome, such as, butnot limited to, a decrease in likelihood of survival (such as overallsurvival, relapse-free survival, or metastasis-free survival), adecrease in the time of survival (e.g., less than 5 years, or less thanone year), presence of a malignant tumor, an increase in the severity ofdisease, a decrease in response to therapy, an increase in tumorrecurrence, an increase in metastasis, or the like. In particularexamples, a poor prognosis is a decreased chance of survival (forexample, a survival time of equal to or less than 60 months, such as 50months, 40 months, 30 months, 20 months, 12 months, 6 months or 3 monthsfrom time of diagnosis or first treatment).

The control can be any suitable control against which to compareexpression of a cancer survival factor-associated gene in a tumorsample. In some embodiments, the control sample is non-tumor tissue. Insome examples, the non-tumor tissue is obtained from the same subject,such as non-tumor tissue that is adjacent to the tumor. In otherexamples, the non-tumor tissue is obtained from a healthy controlsubject. In other embodiments, the control is a reference value orranges of values. For example, the reference value can be derived fromthe average expression values obtained from a group of healthy controlsubjects or non-tumor tissue from a group of cancer patients.

In other embodiments of the method, an alteration in expression of fiveor more cancer survival factor-associated genes in the tumor samplerelative to the control indicates a diagnosis of the subject with amalignant tumor. The method includes detecting expression of five ormore cancer survival factor-associated genes, wherein the cancersurvival factor-associated genes include the genes disclosed in Tables1, 2, and 6 (for example, ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1),and comparing expression of the cancer survival factor-associated genesin the tumor sample to a control. In some embodiments, the methodincludes detecting expression of five or more (such as at least 6, atleast 10, at least 12, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least50, at least 60, at least 70, or more) cancer survival factor-associatedgenes. In one example, the method includes detecting expression of aplurality of cancer survival factor-associated genes in a tumor sampleobtained from the subject, wherein the plurality of cancer survivalfactor-associated genes consists essentially of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3,PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1. In some examples, housekeeping gene expressionis also detected, such as 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 2 housekeeping genes.

In some examples, an alteration in expression of five or more cancersurvival factor-associated genes in the tumor sample relative to thecontrol indicates that the subject has a malignant tumor. In particularexamples, an at least 1.3-fold increase in expression of five or morecancer survival factor-associated genes in the tumor sample selectedfrom the group consisting of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, andPTDSS1 relative to the control indicates a malignant tumor. In someexamples, an at least 1.3-fold increase in expression of five or more ofABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 in the tumor samplerelative to the control indicates a malignant tumor. In other examples,no significant change in expression (such as no statisticallysignificant change) of five or more cancer survival factor-associatedgenes in the tumor sample (for example, ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB,UBE3A, and PTDSS1) relative to the control indicates a benign (e.g.,non-malignant) tumor. In a specific example, no significant change (suchas no statistically significant change) in expression of ABCF1, CORO1C,DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 relative to the control indicates a benign(e.g., non-malignant) tumor.

The disclosed methods can be used to determine the prognosis of asubject with a cancer. Examples of hematological cancers includeleukemias, including acute leukemias (such as acute lymphocyticleukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia andmyeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic anderythroleukemia), chronic leukemias (such as chronic myelocytic(granulocytic) leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and chroniclymphocytic leukemia), polycythemia vera, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease,non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (indolent and high grade forms), multiplemyeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease,myelodysplastic syndrome, and myelodysplasia.

Examples of solid cancers, such as sarcomas and carcinomas, includefibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenicsarcoma, and other sarcomas, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor,leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, lymphoid malignancy,pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancers, ovarian cancer, prostatecancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cellcarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous glandcarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, medullarycarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bileduct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer,testicular tumor, bladder carcinoma, and CNS tumors (such as a glioma,astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyogioma, ependymoma, pinealoma,hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma,melanoma, neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma).

In a particular example, cancer includes breast cancer or lung cancer(such as non-small cell lung cancer, for example, squamous cellcarcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the lung). In further examples, cancerincludes prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, or ovarian cancer.

III. Detecting Expression of Cancer Survival Factor-Associated Genes

As described below, expression of five or more cancer survivalfactor-associated genes can be detected using any one of a number ofmethods well known in the art. Although exemplary methods are provided,the disclosure is not limited to such methods. Expression of either mRNAor protein is contemplated herein.

The disclosure includes isolated nucleic acid molecules that includespecified lengths of a cancer survival factor-associated moleculenucleotide sequence, such as those genes listed in Tables 1, 2, and 6.Such molecules can include at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, atleast 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, at least50, or more consecutive nucleotides of these sequences or more, and canbe obtained from any region of a cancer survival factor-associatedmolecule. In some examples, particular oligonucleotides andoligonucleotide analogs can include linear sequences up to about 200nucleotides in length, for example a sequence (such as DNA or RNA) thatis at least 6 nucleotides, for example at least 8, at least 10, at least15, at least 20, at least 21, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, atleast 40, at least 45, at least 50, at least 100, or even at least 200nucleotides long, or from about 6 to about 50 nucleotides, for exampleabout 10-25 nucleotides, such as 12, 15, or 20 nucleotides. In oneexample, an oligonucleotide is a short sequence of nucleotides of atleast one of the disclosed cancer survival factor-associated moleculeslisted in Tables 1, 2, or 6.

In some examples, the cancer survival factor associated molecules (suchas those listed in Tables 1, 2, or 6) are detected utilizing anoligonucleotide probe. Such probes include short sequence ofnucleotides, such as at least 8, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20,at least 21, at least 25, or at least 30 nucleotides in length, used todetect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecularhybridization.

A. Methods for Detection of mRNA

Gene expression can be evaluated by detecting mRNA encoding the gene ofinterest. Thus, the disclosed methods can include evaluating mRNAencoding five or more of the genes disclosed in Table 1, Table 2, orTable 6. In particular examples, mRNA encoding ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3,PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 is detected. In some examples, the mRNA isquantitated.

RNA can be isolated from a sample of a tumor (for example, a breasttumor or lung tumor) from a subject, a sample of adjacent non-tumortissue from the subject, a sample of tumor-free tissue from a normal(healthy) subject, or combinations thereof, using methods well known toone skilled in the art, including commercially available kits. Generalmethods for mRNA extraction are well known in the art and are disclosedin standard textbooks of molecular biology, including Ausubel et al.,Current Protocols of Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons (1997).Methods for RNA extraction from paraffin embedded tissues are disclosed,for example, in Rupp and Locker, Biotechniques 6:56-60 (1988), and DeAndres et al., Biotechniques 18:42-44 (1995). In one example, RNAisolation can be performed using purification kit, buffer set andprotease from commercial manufacturers, such as QIAGEN® (Valencia,Calif.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. For example,total RNA from cells in culture (such as those obtained from a subject)can be isolated using QIAGEN® RNeasy® mini-columns. Other commerciallyavailable RNA isolation kits include MASTERPURE® Complete DNA and RNAPurification Kit (EPICENTRE® Madison, Wis.), and Paraffin Block RNAIsolation Kit (Ambion, Inc.). Total RNA from tissue samples can beisolated using RNA Stat-60 (Tel-Test). RNA prepared from tumor or otherbiological sample can be isolated, for example, by cesium chloridedensity gradient centrifugation.

Methods of gene expression profiling include methods based onhybridization analysis of polynucleotides, methods based on sequencingof polynucleotides, and proteomics-based methods. In some examples, mRNAexpression in a sample is quantified using Northern blotting or in situhybridization (Parker & Barnes, Methods in Molecular Biology106:247-283, 1999); RNAse protection assays (Hod, Biotechniques13:852-4, 1992); and PCR-based methods, such as reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Weis et al., Trends in Genetics8:263-4, 1992). Alternatively, antibodies can be employed that canrecognize specific duplexes, including DNA duplexes, RNA duplexes, andDNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes. Representative methodsfor sequencing-based gene expression analysis include Serial Analysis ofGene Expression (SAGE), and gene expression analysis by massivelyparallel signature sequencing (MPSS). In one example, RT-PCR can be usedto compare mRNA levels in different samples, in normal and tumortissues, with or without drug treatment, to characterize patterns ofgene expression, to discriminate between closely related mRNAs, and toanalyze RNA structure.

Methods for quantitating mRNA are well known in the art. In someexamples, the method utilizes RT-PCR. For example, extracted RNA can bereverse-transcribed using a GeneAmp® RNA PCR kit (Perkin Elmer, Calif.,USA), following the manufacturer's instructions.

For example, TaqMan® RT-PCR can be performed using commerciallyavailable equipment. The system can include a thermocycler, laser,charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, and computer. The system amplifiessamples in a 96-well format on a thermocycler. During amplification,laser-induced fluorescent signal is collected in real-time through fiberoptics cables for all 96 wells, and detected at the CCD. The systemincludes software for running the instrument and for analyzing the data.

To minimize errors and the effect of sample-to-sample variation, RT-PCRcan be performed using an internal standard. The ideal internal standardis expressed at a constant level among different tissues, and isunaffected by an experimental treatment. RNAs commonly used to normalizepatterns of gene expression are mRNAs for the housekeeping genes GAPDH,β-actin, and 18S ribosomal RNA.

A variation of RT-PCR is real time quantitative RT-PCR, which measuresPCR product accumulation through a dual-labeled fluorogenic probe (e.g.,TAQMAN® probe). Real time PCR is compatible both with quantitativecompetitive PCR, where internal competitor for each target sequence isused for normalization, and with quantitative comparative PCR using anormalization gene contained within the sample, or a housekeeping genefor RT-PCR (see Heid et al., Genome Research 6:986-994, 1996).Quantitative PCR is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,848. Relatedprobes and quantitative amplification procedures are described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,716,784 and 5,723,591. Instruments for carrying outquantitative PCR in microtiter plates are available from PE AppliedBiosystems (Foster City, Calif.).

The steps of a representative protocol for quantitating gene expressionusing fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues as the RNA source, including mRNAisolation, purification, primer extension and amplification are given invarious published journal articles (see Godfrey et al., J. Mol. Diag.2:84 91, 2000; Specht et al., Am. J. Pathol. 158:419-29, 2001). Briefly,a representative process starts with cutting about 10 μm thick sectionsof paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples or adjacent non-canceroustissue. The RNA is then extracted, and protein and DNA are removed.Alternatively, RNA is isolated directly from a tumor sample or othertissue sample. After analysis of the RNA concentration, RNA repairand/or amplification steps can be included, if necessary, and RNA isreverse transcribed using gene specific promoters followed by RT-PCR.

The primers used for the amplification are selected so as to amplify aunique segment of the gene of interest (such as mRNA encoding ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and/or PTDSS1). In some embodiments,expression of other genes is also detected, such as the genes listed inTable 1 and Table 6. Primers that can be used to amplify ABCF1, CORO1C,DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 are commercially available or can bedesigned and synthesized according to well known methods.

An alternative quantitative nucleic acid amplification procedure isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,727. In this procedure, the amount of atarget sequence in a sample is determined by simultaneously amplifyingthe target sequence and an internal standard nucleic acid segment. Theamount of amplified DNA from each segment is determined and compared toa standard curve to determine the amount of the target nucleic acidsegment that was present in the sample prior to amplification.

In some examples, gene expression is identified or confirmed using themicroarray technique. Thus, the expression profile can be measured ineither fresh or paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, using microarraytechnology. In this method, cancer survival factor-associated genenucleic acid sequences of interest (including cDNAs andoligonucleotides) are plated, or arrayed, on a microchip substrate. Thearrayed sequences are then hybridized with isolated nucleic acids (suchas cDNA or mRNA) from cells or tissues of interest. Just as in theRT-PCR method, the source of mRNA typically is total RNA isolated fromhuman tumors, and optionally from corresponding noncancerous tissue andnormal tissues or cell lines.

In a specific embodiment of the microarray technique, PCR amplifiedinserts of cDNA clones are applied to a substrate in a dense array. Insome examples, the array includes probes specific to at least five ofthe cancer survival factor-associated genes (such as those in Tables 1,2, and 6). In some examples, probes specific for five or more of ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 nucleotide sequences are appliedto the substrate, and the array can consist essentially of, or consistof these sequences. The microarrayed nucleic acids are suitable forhybridization under stringent conditions. Fluorescently labeled cDNAprobes may be generated through incorporation of fluorescent nucleotidesby reverse transcription of RNA extracted from tissues of interest.Labeled cDNA probes applied to the chip hybridize with specificity toeach spot of DNA on the array. After stringent washing to removenon-specifically bound probes, the chip is scanned by confocal lasermicroscopy or by another detection method, such as a CCD camera.Quantitation of hybridization of each arrayed element allows forassessment of corresponding mRNA abundance. With dual colorfluorescence, separately labeled cDNA probes generated from two sourcesof RNA are hybridized pairwise to the array. The relative abundance ofthe transcripts from the two sources corresponding to each specifiedgene is thus determined simultaneously. The miniaturized scale of thehybridization affords a convenient and rapid evaluation of theexpression pattern for cancer survival factor-associated genes, such asthose in Tables 1, 2, and 6 (for example, ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB,UBE3A, and PTDSS1). Microarray analysis can be performed by commerciallyavailable equipment, following manufacturer's protocols, such as aresupplied with Affymetrix GeneChip® technology (Affymetrix, Santa Clara,Calif.), or Agilent's microarray technology (Agilent Technologies, SantaClara, Calif.).

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is another method that allowsthe simultaneous and quantitative analysis of a large number of genetranscripts, without the need of providing an individual hybridizationprobe for each transcript. First, a short sequence tag (about 10-14 basepairs) is generated that contains sufficient information to uniquelyidentify a transcript, provided that the tag is obtained from a uniqueposition within each transcript. Then, many transcripts are linkedtogether to form long serial molecules, that can be sequenced, revealingthe identity of the multiple tags simultaneously. The expression patternof any population of transcripts can be quantitatively evaluated bydetermining the abundance of individual tags, and identifying the genecorresponding to each tag (see, for example, Velculescu et al., Science270:484-7, 1995; and Velculescu et al., Cell 88:243-51, 1997).

In situ hybridization (ISH) is another method for detecting andcomparing expression of genes of interest. ISH applies and extrapolatesthe technology of nucleic acid hybridization to the single cell level,and, in combination with the art of cytochemistry, immunocytochemistryand immunohistochemistry, permits the maintenance of morphology and theidentification of cellular markers to be maintained and identified, andallows the localization of sequences to specific cells withinpopulations, such as tissues and blood samples. ISH is a type ofhybridization that uses a complementary nucleic acid to localize one ormore specific nucleic acid sequences in a portion or section of tissue(in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough, in the entire tissue(whole mount ISH). RNA ISH can be used to assay expression patterns in atissue, such as the expression of cancer survival factor-associatedgenes.

Sample cells or tissues are treated to increase their permeability toallow a probe, such as a cancer survival factor-associated gene-specificprobe, to enter the cells. The probe is added to the treated cells,allowed to hybridize at pertinent temperature, and excess probe iswashed away. A complementary probe is labeled so that the probe'slocation and quantity in the tissue can be determined, for example,using autoradiography, fluorescence microscopy or immunoassay. Thesample may be any sample as herein described, such as a non-tumor sampleor a breast or lung tumor sample. Since the sequences of the cancersurvival factor-associated genes of interest are known, probes can bedesigned accordingly such that the probes specifically bind the gene ofinterest.

In situ PCR is the PCR-based amplification of the target nucleic acidsequences prior to ISH. For detection of RNA, an intracellular reversetranscription step is introduced to generate complementary DNA from RNAtemplates prior to in situ PCR. This enables detection of low copy RNAsequences.

Prior to in situ PCR, cells or tissue samples are fixed andpermeabilized to preserve morphology and permit access of the PCRreagents to the intracellular sequences to be amplified. PCRamplification of target sequences is next performed either in intactcells held in suspension or directly in cytocentrifuge preparations ortissue sections on glass slides. In the former approach, fixed cellssuspended in the PCR reaction mixture are thermally cycled usingconventional thermal cyclers. After PCR, the cells are cytocentrifugedonto glass slides with visualization of intracellular PCR products byISH or immunohistochemistry. In situ PCR on glass slides is performed byoverlaying the samples with the PCR mixture under a coverslip which isthen sealed to prevent evaporation of the reaction mixture. Thermalcycling is achieved by placing the glass slides either directly on topof the heating block of a conventional or specially designed thermalcycler or by using thermal cycling ovens.

Detection of intracellular PCR products is generally achieved by one oftwo different techniques, indirect in situ PCR by ISH with PCR-productspecific probes, or direct in situ PCR without ISH through directdetection of labeled nucleotides (such as digoxigenin-11-dUTP,fluorescein-dUTP, ³H-CTP or biotin-16-dUTP), which have beenincorporated into the PCR products during thermal cycling.

In some embodiments of the detection methods, the expression of one ormore “housekeeping” genes or “internal controls” can also be evaluated.These terms include any constitutively or globally expressed gene (orprotein, as discussed below) whose presence enables an assessment ofcancer survival factor-associated gene (or protein) levels. Such anassessment includes a determination of the overall constitutive level ofgene transcription and a control for variations in RNA (or protein)recovery.

B. Arrays for Profiling Cancer Survival Factor-associated GeneExpression

In particular embodiments provided herein, arrays can be used toevaluate cancer survival factor-associated gene expression, for exampleto prognose or diagnose a patient with cancer (for example, breast orlung cancer). When describing an array that consists essentially ofprobes or primers specific for the genes listed in Table 1, Table 2, orTable 6, such an array includes probes or primers specific for thesecancer survival factor-associated genes, and can further include controlprobes (for example to confirm the incubation conditions aresufficient). In some examples, the array may consist essentially ofprobes or primers specific for ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and/orPTDSS1, and can further include one or more control probes. In someexamples, the array may further include additional, such as about 5, 10,20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 70 additional cancer survival factor-associatedgenes. In other examples, the array may include fewer, such as 1, 2, 3,or 4 fewer cancer survival factor-associated genes. Exemplary controlprobes include GAPDH, β-actin, and 18S RNA. In one example, an array isa multi-well plate (e.g., 96 or 384 well plate).

In one example, the array includes, consists essentially of, or consistsof probes or primers (such as an oligonucleotide or antibody) that canrecognize ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1. Theoligonucleotide probes or primers can further include one or moredetectable labels, to permit detection of hybridization signals betweenthe probe and target sequence (such as one of the cancer survivalfactor-associated genes disclosed herein).

1. Array Substrates

The solid support of the array can be formed from an organic polymer.Suitable materials for the solid support include, but are not limitedto: polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyisobutylene,polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyvinylpyrrolidine,polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene difluoroide,polyfluoroethylene-propylene, polyethylenevinyl alcohol,polymethylpentene, polycholorotrifluoroethylene, polysulformes,hydroxylated biaxially oriented polypropylene, aminated biaxiallyoriented polypropylene, thiolated biaxially oriented polypropylene,ethyleneacrylic acid, thylene methacrylic acid, and blends of copolymersthereof (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,567).

In general, suitable characteristics of the material that can be used toform the solid support surface include: being amenable to surfaceactivation such that upon activation, the surface of the support iscapable of covalently attaching a biomolecule such as an oligonucleotidethereto; amenability to “in situ” synthesis of biomolecules; beingchemically inert such that at the areas on the support not occupied bythe oligonucleotides or proteins (such as antibodies) are not amenableto non-specific binding, or when non-specific binding occurs, suchmaterials can be readily removed from the surface without removing theoligonucleotides or proteins (such as antibodies).

In another example, a surface activated organic polymer is used as thesolid support surface. One example of a surface activated organicpolymer is a polypropylene material aminated via radio frequency plasmadischarge. Other reactive groups can also be used, such as carboxylated,hydroxylated, thiolated, or active ester groups.

2. Array Formats

A wide variety of array formats can be employed in accordance with thepresent disclosure. One example includes a linear array ofoligonucleotide bands, generally referred to in the art as a dipstick.Another suitable format includes a two-dimensional pattern of discretecells (such as 4096 squares in a 64 by 64 array). As is appreciated bythose skilled in the art, other array formats including, but not limitedto slot (rectangular) and circular arrays are equally suitable for use(see U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,185). In some examples, the array is amulti-well plate. In one example, the array is formed on a polymermedium, which is a thread, membrane or film. An example of an organicpolymer medium is a polypropylene sheet having a thickness on the orderof about 1 mil. (0.001 inch) to about 20 mil., although the thickness ofthe film is not critical and can be varied over a fairly broad range.The array can include biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films,which in addition to their durability, exhibit low backgroundfluorescence.

The array formats of the present disclosure can be included in a varietyof different types of formats. A “format” includes any format to whichthe solid support can be affixed, such as microtiter plates (e.g.,multi-well plates), test tubes, inorganic sheets, dipsticks, and thelike. For example, when the solid support is a polypropylene thread, oneor more polypropylene threads can be affixed to a plastic dipstick-typedevice; polypropylene membranes can be affixed to glass slides. Theparticular format is, in and of itself, unimportant. All that isnecessary is that the solid support can be affixed thereto withoutaffecting the functional behavior of the solid support or any biopolymerabsorbed thereon, and that the format (such as the dipstick or slide) isstable to any materials into which the device is introduced (such asclinical samples and hybridization solutions).

The arrays of the present disclosure can be prepared by a variety ofapproaches. In one example, oligonucleotide or protein sequences aresynthesized separately and then attached to a solid support (see U.S.Pat. No. 6,013,789). In another example, sequences are synthesizeddirectly onto the support to provide the desired array (see U.S. Pat.No. 5,554,501). Suitable methods for covalently couplingoligonucleotides and proteins to a solid support and for directlysynthesizing the oligonucleotides or proteins onto the support are knownto those working in the field; a summary of suitable methods can befound in Matson et al., Anal. Biochem. 217:306-10, 1994. In one example,the oligonucleotides are synthesized onto the support using conventionalchemical techniques for preparing oligonucleotides on solid supports(such as PCT applications WO 85/01051 and WO 89/10977, or U.S. Pat. No.5,554,501).

A suitable array can be produced using automated means to synthesizeoligonucleotides in the cells of the array by laying down the precursorsfor the four bases in a predetermined pattern. Briefly, amultiple-channel automated chemical delivery system is employed tocreate oligonucleotide probe populations in parallel rows (correspondingin number to the number of channels in the delivery system) across thesubstrate. Following completion of oligonucleotide synthesis in a firstdirection, the substrate can then be rotated by 90° to permit synthesisto proceed within a second set of rows that are now perpendicular to thefirst set. This process creates a multiple-channel array whoseintersection generates a plurality of discrete cells.

The oligonucleotides can be bound to the polypropylene support by eitherthe 3′ end of the oligonucleotide or by the 5′ end of theoligonucleotide. In one example, the oligonucleotides are bound to thesolid support by the 3′ end. However, one of skill in the art candetermine whether the use of the 3′ end or the 5′ end of theoligonucleotide is suitable for bonding to the solid support. Ingeneral, the internal complementarity of an oligonucleotide probe in theregion of the 3′ end and the 5′ end determines binding to the support.

In particular examples, the oligonucleotide probes on the array includeone or more labels, that permit detection of oligonucleotideprobe:target sequence hybridization complexes.

C. Detecting Cancer Survival Factor-Associated Proteins

In some examples, expression of five or more proteins encoded by thegenes disclosed in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 6 is analyzed. Inparticular examples, ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1proteins are analyzed. Suitable biological samples include samplescontaining protein obtained from a tumor (such as a breast tumor or lungtumor) of a subject, from non-tumor tissue of the subject, and/orprotein obtained from one or more samples of cancer-free subjects.Detecting an alteration in the amount of five or more proteins encodedby the genes in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 6 (such as ABCF1, CORO1C,DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1) in a tumor from the subject relative to acontrol, such as an increase or decrease in expression, indicates theprognosis or diagnosis of the subject, as described above.

Antibodies specific for the disclosed proteins (for example, ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1) can be used for detection andquantitation of cancer survival factor-associated proteins by one of anumber of immunoassay methods that are well known in the art, such asthose presented in Harlow and Lane (Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual,CSHL, New York, 1988). Methods of constructing such antibodies are knownin the art. In addition, such antibodies may be commercially available.

Exemplary commercially available antibodies include ABCF1 antibodies(such as catalog number ab50976, Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.; catalognumbers H00000023-B01 and H00000023-A01, Abnova, Walnut, Calif.; catalognumber sc-81047, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.), CORO1Cantibodies (such as catalog number ab15719, Abcam; catalog numbersH00023603-M02 and H00023603-A01, Abnova; catalog number sc-32211, SantaCruz Biotechnology), DPP3 antibodies (such as catalog numbers ab56107,ab56108, and ab56109, Abcam; catalog numbers H00010072-B03 andH00010072-M01A, Abnova; catalog number sc-55640, Santa CruzBiotechnology), PREB antibodies (such as catalog number ab42501, Abcam,Cambridge, Mass.; catalog 113-A01, Abnova), UBE3A antibodies (such ascatalog numbers ab3519 and ab58266, Abcam; catalog numbers H00007337-M01and H00007337-M02, Abnova; catalog number sc-100614, Santa CruzBiotechnology), and PTDSS1 antibodies (such as catalog number ab69951,Abcam; catalog number H00009791-P01, Abnova; catalog number sc-51410,Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Any standard immunoassay format (such as ELISA, Western blot, or RIAassay) can be used to measure protein levels. Thus, in one example,polypeptide levels of five or more of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A,and PTDSS1 in a tumor (for example, a breast or lung tumor) can readilybe evaluated using these methods. Immunohistochemical techniques canalso be utilized for cancer survival factor-associated gene detectionand quantification. General guidance regarding such techniques can befound in Bancroft and Stevens (Theory and Practice of HistologicalTechniques, Churchill Livingstone, 1982) and Ausubel et al. (CurrentProtocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998).

For the purposes of quantitating cancer survival factor-associatedproteins, a biological sample of the subject that includes cellularproteins can be used. Quantitation of proteins (for example ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and/or PTDSS1) can be achieved byimmunoassay. The amount of cancer survival factor-associated proteinscan be assessed in the tumor and optionally in the adjacent non-tumortissue or in tissue from cancer-free subjects. The amounts of cancersurvival factor-associated protein in the tumor can be compared tolevels of the protein found in cells from a cancer-free subject or othercontrol (such as a standard value or reference value). A significantincrease or decrease in the amount can be evaluated using statisticalmethods known in the art.

Quantitative spectroscopic methods, such as SELDI, can be used toanalyze cancer survival factor-associated protein expression in a sample(such as tumor tissue, non-cancerous tissue, and tissue from acancer-free subject). In one example, surface-enhanced laserdesorption-ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry isused to detect protein expression, for example by using the ProteinChip™(Ciphergen Biosystems, Palo Alto, Calif.). Such methods are well knownin the art (for example see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,719,060; 6,897,072; and6,881,586). SELDI is a solid phase method for desorption in which theanalyte is presented to the energy stream on a surface that enhancesanalyte capture or desorption.

Therefore, in a particular example, the chromatographic surface includesantibodies that specifically bind ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, andPTDSS1. In other examples, the chromatographic surface consistsessentially of, or consists of, antibodies that specifically bind ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1. In some examples, thechromatographic surface includes antibodies that bind other molecules,such as housekeeping proteins (e.g., β-actin or myosin).

In another example, antibodies are immobilized onto the surface using abacterial Fc binding support. The chromatographic surface is incubatedwith a sample, such as a sample of a tumor. The antigens present in thesample can recognize the antibodies on the chromatographic surface. Theunbound proteins and mass spectrometric interfering compounds are washedaway and the proteins that are retained on the chromatographic surfaceare analyzed and detected by SELDI-TOF. The MS profile from the samplecan be then compared using differential protein expression mapping,whereby relative expression levels of proteins at specific molecularweights are compared by a variety of statistical techniques andbioinformatic software systems.

IV. Application of a Gene Signature for Treatment of Cancer

It is disclosed herein that expression of the genes disclosed in Tables1, 2, and 6 herein correlate with clinical outcome of cancer patients(such as breast cancer or lung cancer patients). In a particularexample, detecting an increase in expression or activity of five or moreof (such as all of) ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1indicates a poor prognosis and/or diagnosis of a malignant tumor.

A. Methods of Treatment

Provided herein is a method of treating cancer (for example, breast orlung cancer) in a subject, including administering to the subject atherapeutically effective amount of an agent that alters (increases ordecreases) expression or activity of at least one cancer survivalfactor-associated molecule of Tables 1, 2, or 6, for example, ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1. In particular examples, the agentdecreases expression of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1.Such agents can alter the expression of nucleic acid sequences (such asDNA, cDNA, or mRNAs) or proteins. In other examples, the agent decreasesthe biological activity of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1.An alteration in the expression or activity can be any detectableincrease or decrease that results in a biological effect. For example,an agent can increase or decrease the expression or activity by adesired amount, for example by at least about 1.5-fold, at least about2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about4-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 7-fold, or at least about10-fold relative to activity or expression in a control (for example therelative amount of expression in the absence of treatment).

Treatment of cancer by altering the expression or activity of one ormore of the disclosed cancer survival factor-associated genes (such asdecreasing the expression or activity of one or more of ABCF1, CORO1C,DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1) can include delaying the development ofthe tumor in a subject (such as preventing metastasis of a tumor).Treatment of a tumor also includes reducing signs or symptoms associatedwith the presence of such a tumor (for example by reducing the size orvolume of the tumor or a metastasis thereof). Such reduced growth can insome examples decrease or slow metastasis of the tumor, or reduce thesize or volume of the tumor by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 50%,or at least 75%. In some examples, treatment of cancer by altering theexpression or activity of one or more of the disclosed cancer survivalfactor-associated genes (such as ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, orPTDSS1) can include increasing survival, for example, overall survival,relapse-free survival, or metastasis-free survival, such as increasedsurvival time compared to in the absence of treatment. Such increasedsurvival can include e.g., survival time of at least about 50 monthsfrom time of diagnosis, such as about 60 months, about 80 months, about100 months, about 120 months or about 150 months from time of diagnosisor first treatment.

In some embodiments, a subject is screened to determine if they wouldbenefit from treatment with an agent that alters (increases ordecreases) expression or activity of at least one cancer survivalfactor-associated molecule, for example, ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB,UBE3A, or PTDSS1. In some examples, expression of at least one cancersurvival factor-associated molecule (such as ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB,UBE3A, or PTDSS1) is determined in a sample from the subject. If theexpression of at least one cancer survival factor-associated is altered(for example increased or decreased) relative to a control sample, thesubject may be treated with an agent that alters (increases ordecreases) expression or activity of the at least one cancer survivalfactor-associated molecule. In other examples, expression of at leastone cancer survival factor-associated molecule (such as ABCF1, CORO1C,DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1) is determined in a sample from thesubject, and if the expression of at least one cancer survivalfactor-associated molecule is altered, the subject is determined to havea malignant tumor and may be treated with an agent that alters(increases or decreases) expression or activity of the at least onecancer survival factor-associated molecule.

In some embodiments, the agent is a specific binding agent, such as anantibody, antisense compound or small molecule inhibitor, that decreasesthe activity or expression of a target gene. Methods of preparingantibodies against a specific target protein are well known in the art.A cancer survival factor-associated protein or a fragment orconservative variant thereof can be used to produce antibodies which areimmunoreactive or specifically bind to an epitope of the cancer survivalfactor-associated protein. Polyclonal antibodies, antibodies whichconsist essentially of pooled monoclonal antibodies with differentepitopic specificities, as well as distinct monoclonal antibodypreparations are included. The preparation of polyclonal antibodies iswell known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, Green et al.,“Production of Polyclonal Antisera,” in: Immunochemical Protocols, pages1-5, Manson, ed., Humana Press, 1992; Coligan et al., “Production ofPolyclonal Antisera in Rabbits, Rats, Mice and Hamsters,” in: CurrentProtocols in Immunology, section 2.4.1, 1992. The preparation ofmonoclonal antibodies likewise is conventional (see, for example, Kohler& Milstein, Nature 256:495, 1975; Coligan et al., sections 2.5.1-2.6.7;and Harlow et al. in: Antibodies: a Laboratory Manual, page 726, ColdSpring Harbor Pub., 1988).

Any type of antisense compound that specifically targets and regulatesexpression of target nucleic acid (such as a disclosed cancer survivalfactor-associated gene or downstream target thereof) is contemplated foruse. An antisense compound is one which specifically hybridizes with andmodulates expression of a target nucleic acid molecule (such as a cancersurvival associated factor, for example, those disclosed in Tables 1, 2,or 6). In some examples, the agent is an antisense compound selectedfrom an antisense oligonucleotide, a siRNA, a miRNA, a shRNA or aribozyme. As such, these compounds can be introduced as single-stranded,double-stranded, circular, branched or hairpin compounds and can containstructural elements such as internal or terminal bulges or loops.Double-stranded antisense compounds can be two strands hybridized toform double-stranded compounds or a single strand with sufficient selfcomplementarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully orpartially double-stranded compound.

In some examples, an antisense oligonucleotide is a single strandedantisense compound, such that when the antisense oligonucleotidehybridizes to a target mRNA, the duplex is recognized by RNaseH,resulting in cleavage of the mRNA. In other examples, a miRNA is asingle-stranded RNA molecule of about 21-23 nucleotides that is at leastpartially complementary to an mRNA molecule that regulates geneexpression through an RNAi pathway. In further examples, a shRNA is anRNA oligonucleotide that forms a tight hairpin, which is cleaved intosiRNA. siRNA molecules are generally about 20-25 nucleotides in lengthand may have a two nucleotide overhang on the 3′ ends, or may be bluntended. Generally, one strand of a siRNA is at least partiallycomplementary to a target nucleic acid. Methods of designing, preparingand using antisense compounds are within the abilities of one of skillin the art. Furthermore, sequences for the disclosed cancer survivalfactor-associated genes are publicly available.

Antisense compounds specifically targeting a cancer survivalfactor-associated gene (or other target nucleic acid), such as thoseprovided in Tables 1, 2, and 6, can be prepared by designing compoundsthat are complementary to the target nucleotide sequence, such as a mRNAsequence. Antisense compounds need not be 100% complementary to thetarget nucleic acid molecule to specifically hybridize and regulateexpression the target gene. For example, the antisense compound, orantisense strand of the compound if a double-stranded compound, can beat least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, atleast 99% or 100% complementary to the selected target nucleic acidsequence (such as the nucleic acid sequences associated with the GenBankaccession numbers provided above in Section I). Methods of screeningantisense compounds for specificity are well known in the art (see, forexample, U.S. Pre-Grant Publication No. 2003-0228689).

B. Therapeutic Agents

Therapeutic agents are agents that when administered in therapeuticallyeffective amounts induce the desired response (e.g., treatment of abreast or lung tumor). In one example, therapeutic agents are specificbinding agents that bind with higher affinity to a molecule of interest,than to other molecules. For example, a specific binding agent can beone that binds with high affinity to one or more cancer survivalfactor-associated genes, or a downstream factor that is regulated by oneor more of the disclosed cancer survival factor-associated genes, butdoes not substantially bind to another gene or gene product. Forexample, the agent can interfere with gene expression (transcription,processing, translation, post-translational modification), such as, byinterfering with the gene's mRNA and blocking translation of the geneproduct or by post-translational modification of a gene product, or bycausing changes in intracellular localization. In another example, aspecific binding agent binds to a protein encoded by one or more cancersurvival factor-associated genes, or a downstream target of a cancersurvival factor-associated gene, with a binding affinity in the range of0.1 to 20 nM and reduces or inhibits the activity of such protein.

Contemplated herein is the use of specific binding agents to decreaseexpression or activity of one or more cancer survival factor-associatedgenes whose up-regulation is correlated with a poor prognosis, such asdecreasing expression or activity of one or more genes shown in Tables1, 2, and 6 (for example, ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, or PTDSS1).

Examples of specific binding agents include antisense compounds (such asantisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, miRNAs, shRNAs and ribozymes),antibodies, ligands, recombinant proteins, peptide mimetics, and solublereceptor fragments. Methods of making antisense compounds that can beused clinically are known in the art. In addition, antisense compoundsmay be commercially available.

Exemplary commercially available antisense compounds include ABCF1antisense compounds (such as catalog number H00000023-R03, Abnova,Walnut, Calif.; catalog numbers sc-95478 and sc-95478-SH, Santa CruzBiotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif.), CORO1C antisense compounds (such ascatalog number H00023603-R01, Abnova; catalog numbers sc-44693 andsc-44693-SH, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), DPP3 antisense compounds (suchas catalog numbers sc-62230 and sc-62230-SH, Santa Cruz Biotechnology),PREB antisense compounds (such as catalog number H00010113-R01), UBE3Aantisense compounds (such as catalog numbers H00007337-R01, -R02, and-R03, Abnova; catalog numbers sc-43742 and sc-43742-SH, Santa CruzBiotechnology), and PTDSS1 antisense compounds (such as catalog numberssc-72365 and sc-72365-SH, Santa Cruz Biotechnology).

Further examples of specific binding agents include antibodies. Methodsof making antibodies that can be used clinically are known in the art.In addition, antibodies may be commercially available, such as thosediscussed above.

Specific binding agents can be therapeutic, for example by altering thebiological activity of a cancer survival factor-associated nucleic acidor protein, or a nucleic acid or protein that is negatively regulated bya cancer survival factor-associated gene. For example, a specificbinding agent that binds with high affinity to a cancer survivalfactor-associated gene, or a downstream target of a cancer survivalfactor-associated gene, may substantially reduce the biological functionof the gene or gene product. In other examples, a specific binding agentthat binds with high affinity to one of the proteins encoded by a cancersurvival factor-associated gene, or a downstream target of a cancersurvival factor-associated gene, may substantially reduce the biologicalfunction of the protein. Such agents can be administered intherapeutically effective amounts to subjects in need thereof, such as asubject having cancer.

C. Administration of Therapeutic Agents

Therapeutic agents can be administered to a subject in need of treatmentusing any suitable means known in the art. Methods of administrationinclude, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, vaginal, rectal,intranasal, inhalation, oral, or by gene gun. Intranasal administrationrefers to delivery of the compositions into the nose and nasal passagesthrough one or both of the nares and can include delivery by a sprayingmechanism or droplet mechanism, or through aerosolization of thetherapeutic agent.

Administration of the compositions by inhalant can be through the noseor mouth via delivery by spraying or droplet mechanisms. Delivery can bedirectly to any area of the respiratory system via intubation.Parenteral administration is generally achieved by injection.Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquidsolutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution ofsuspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Injectionsolutions and suspensions can be prepared from sterile powders,granules, and tablets. Administration can be systemic or local.

Therapeutic agents can be administered in any suitable manner,preferably with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers are determined in part by the particular compositionbeing administered, as well as by the particular method used toadminister the composition. Accordingly, there is a wide variety ofsuitable formulations of pharmaceutical compositions of the presentdisclosure. The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (vehicles) usefulin this disclosure are conventional. Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, by E. W. Martin, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 15thEdition (1975), describes compositions and formulations suitable forpharmaceutical delivery of one or more therapeutic agents

Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous ornon-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples ofnon-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol,vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such asethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueoussolutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and bufferedmedia. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer'sdextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixedoils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers,electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), andthe like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as,for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelating agents, and inertgases and the like.

Formulations for topical administration may include ointments, lotions,creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases,thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable.

Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules,suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules,sachets, or tablets. Thickeners, flavorings, diluents, emulsifiers,dispersing aids or binders may be desirable.

Some of the compositions may potentially be administered as apharmaceutically acceptable acid- or base-addition salt, formed byreaction with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, perchloric acid, nitric acid, thiocyanic acid, sulfuric acid, andphosphoric acid, and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid,propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid,malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid, or byreaction with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide, ammoniumhydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and organic bases such as mono-, di-,trialkyl and aryl amines and substituted ethanolamines.

Administration can be accomplished by single or multiple doses. The doserequired will vary from subject to subject depending on the species,age, weight and general condition of the subject, the particulartherapeutic agent being used and its mode of administration. In someexamples, the dose of antisense compound (such as siRNA, shRNA, ormiRNA) is about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 500 mg, orabout 50 mg to about 100 mg. In some examples, the dose of antisensecompound is about 1 mg, about 10 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about250 mg, about 500 mg or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, the dose ofantisense compound is about 1.0 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 5.0mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 25to about 50 mg/kg. In some examples, the dose of antisense compound isabout 1.0 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 12.5 mg/kg, about15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, about 25 mg/kg, about 30 mg/kg, about 35mg/kg, about 40 mg/kg, about 45 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg, about 60 mg/kg,about 70 mg/kg, about 80 mg/kg or about 100 mg/kg. In some embodiments,the dose of antibody is about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, such as about 2mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or about 2mg/kg to about 8 mg/kg. In some examples, the dose of antibody is about1 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 4 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg,about 8 mg/kg, about 10 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg, about 20 mg/kg, or about25 mg/kg. In other embodiments, the dose of antibody is about 50 mg/m²to about 500 mg/m², such as about 50 mg/m² to about 400 mg/m², about 100mg/m² to about 400 mg/m², or about 250 mg/m² to about 400 mg/m². In someexamples, the dose is about 50 mg/m², about 100 mg/m², about 150 mg/m²,about 200 mg/m², about 250 mg/m², about 300 mg/m², about 400 mg/m², orabout 500 mg/m². It will be appreciated that these dosages are examplesonly, and an appropriate dose can be determined by one of ordinary skillin the art using only routine experimentation.

The disclosed specific binding agents may be used in combination withadditional cancer treatments (such as surgery, radiation therapy, and/orchemotherapy). In one example, the additional therapy includes one ormore anti-tumor pharmaceutical treatments which can includeradiotherapeutic agents, anti-neoplastic chemotherapeutic agents,antibiotics, alkylating agents and antioxidants, kinase inhibitors, andother agents. Particular examples of additional therapeutic agents thatcan be used include microtubule binding agents (such as paclitaxel,docetaxel, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine (navelbine), theepothilones, colchicine, dolastatin 15, nocodazole, podophyllotoxin,rhizoxin, and derivatives and analogs thereof), DNA intercalators orcross-linkers (such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, mitomycins,such as mitomycin C, bleomycin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, andderivatives and analogs thereof), DNA synthesis inhibitors (such asmethotrexate, 5-fluoro-5′-deoxyuridine, 5-fluorouracil and analogsthereof), DNA and/or RNA transcription inhibitors (such as actinomycinD, daunorubicin, doxorubicin and derivatives and analogs thereof),antibodies (such as trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, panitumumab),enzymes, enzyme inhibitors (such as camptothecin, etoposide, formestane,trichostatin and derivatives and analogs thereof), kinase inhibitors(such as imatinib, gefitinib, and erolitinib), and gene regulators (suchas raloxifene, 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, tamoxifen,4-hydroxytamoxifen, mifepristone and derivatives and analogs thereof).Methods and therapeutic dosages of such agents are known to thoseskilled in the art, and can be determined by a skilled clinician.

Other therapeutic agents, for example anti-tumor agents, that may or maynot fall under one or more of the classifications above, also aresuitable for administration in combination with the described specificbinding agents. By way of example, such agents include doxorubicin,apigenin, zebularine, cimetidine, and derivatives and analogs thereof.

The disclosure is further illustrated by the following non-limitingExamples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Metastatic Gene Signatures in Breast Cancer

This example provides gene signatures predictive for metastasis insubjects with breast cancer.

Methods

Animal models of metastasis: Murine breast adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells(American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va.) were harvested fromcell culture flasks using trypsin-EDTA (Life Technologies, Inc., GrandIsland, N.Y.), washed three times in HBSS, and adjusted to theappropriate final concentration. Cell preparations were kept on iceuntil injection.

To generate the liver metastases splenic vein model (LvMsv), BALB-c micewere anesthetized with isoflurane and prepared for surgery under sterileconditions. The animals were positioned in right lateral recumbency,shaved and wiped with 70% ethanol. A left subcostal incision,approximately 10 mm long, was made and the peritoneum was opened. Thespleen was exposed and gently retracted; the gastrosplenic ligament andshort gastric vessels were identified and divided, leading to completemobility of the spleen on its hilar pedicle. The spleen was thenextracorporealized and positioned on sterile saline soaked gauze. Next,cell suspension (200 μl; 1×10⁷ cells/ml) was slowly injected into theupper splenic pole, using a 30-gauge needle (Becton Dickinson, FranklinLakes, N.J.). After injection, the needle was slowly removed, and slightpressure was applied to the spleen to achieve hemostasis and minimizeextra-splenic seeding. Five minutes were elapsed to allow portal veinembolization. Splenectomy by application of a medium Ligaclip (EthiconEndo-Surgery Inc., Somerville, N.J.) to splenic vessels and sharpexcision of the organ followed. The abdominal cavity was then closedwith 9-mm wound autoclips (Roboz Surgical, Rockville, Md.). Animals weremonitored and sacrificed when they became moribund. Livers were examinedwith 2× surgical loupes and hepatic metastases were immediatelyresected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and ultimately stored at −80°C.

To generate the lung metastases tail vein model (LMtv), tail veins offemale BALB-c mice were cannulated with a 27-gauge needle and 50 μl of4T1 cell suspension (5×10⁶ cells/ml) was injected. After 14 days, theywere sacrificed and the tracheobronchopulmonary tree was resected andinsufflated with PBS. With the use of trans-illumination and 2× surgicalloupes, the lung metastases were immediately resected, snap frozen inliquid nitrogen, and stored at −80° C.

To generate the spontaneous liver and lung metastases models (LvMsp andLMsp, respectively), 4T1 tumor cell suspension (100 μA 5×10⁶ cells/ml)was injected into the left cephalad mammary gland of BALB-c mice. After14 days, the resultant orthotopic tumors were excised under sterileconditions, and the tumor was immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogenand stored at −80° C. The wound was closed with autoclips. After anadditional 14 days, animals were sacrificed and the spontaneous lung andliver metastases were procured, as described above.

RNA preparation and hybridization: To minimize individual variation,tumor samples were used from three individual mice, from each metastaticanimal model. Twenty cryostat sections (10 μm) were cut in all samplesunder RNase free conditions and stored at −80° C. Sections were stainedwith hematoxylin and eosin, and only tumor area was micro-dissected.Total RNA was immediately isolated using the PicoPure® RNA Isolation Kit(Arcturus, Mountain View, Calif.). Total RNA (30 ng) from each samplewas used in the reverse transcription of two consecutive rounds oflinear amplification, first using the MessageAmp™ II aRNA AmplificationKit, followed by biotin labeling using the MessageAmp™ II-BiotinEnhanced Kit (Ambion, Austin, Tex.). RNA concentrations were measured byNanoDrop™ ND-1000 (NanoDrop, Wilmington, Del.). The quality of RNApreparations was assessed with Bioanalyzer RNA 6000 Nano LabChip Kit(Agilent Technology, Santa Clara, Calif.); the 28S/18S ribosomal RNAratio was used as control. All samples included in this study had a28S/18S ribosomal RNA ratio of more than 1.5, with an average of 2.0.Each biotinylated cRNAs (20 μg) was fragmented and hybridized to anAffymetrix® Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 Array GeneChip (Affymetrix, SantaClara, Calif.), which comprised over 22,000 probe sets representing over14,500 well-substantiated mouse genes. Arrays were scanned utilizingstandard Affymetrix protocols. Image analysis and probe quantificationwas performed with the Affymetrix software (GCOS), which produced rawprobe intensity data.

Statistical analysis: Expression profiles were generated for independentbiological triplicates of each tumor group to minimize individualvariation and ensure reliability of the data. Raw intensity profileswere analyzed, using Partek Genomics Suite Software (Partek Inc., St.Louis, Mo.), to perform microarray normalization and statisticalanalysis. Robust Microarray Analysis (RMA) was applied for microarraynormalization. The latest Affymetrix arrays annotation files (April2008) were downloaded from Affymetrix web site and used for all furtheranalysis. Significantly regulated genes were defined as those genes fromone experimental group whose expression was statistically significantlydifferent from another group by virtue of multi-way ANOVA. Resultedratios were transformed into log₂ values and used as expression levelsfor genes in metastatic gene signatures. Genes included in the listswere further selected with a false discovery rate (FDR) of less than10%. Each probe set was treated as a separate gene, whereby averaging ofthe triplicate led to the defined data of the respective gene.

Selection of metastasis gene signatures: The spontaneous metastasis genesignature (SpMGS), containing 79 genes, was generated by identifyinggenes common to LMsp and LvMsp, and absent from LMtv, LvMsv, andLR-associated genes. Similarly, the embolic metastasis gene signature(EMGS), containing 32 genes, was generated by identifying genes commonto LMtv and LvMsv, and absent from LMsp, LvMsp, and LR. Comparing thetwo signatures gave preliminary validation to the theory and method.

Gene ontology analysis: To interpret the biological significance of thesignature genes, a gene ontology analysis was conducted using IngenuityPathway Analysis software (IPA, version 6.0; Ingenuity Systems, RedwoodCity, Calif.). Each Affymetrix probe identifier was mapped to itscorresponding gene in the Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base. Thisfunctional database allows the correlation of genes, biochemicalpathways, cells, diseases, drugs and other biological variables. Usingthe software, the signature genes were categorized based on location,cellular components, and molecular and biologic functions. It was alsoused to facilitate the calculation of gene data enrichment relative tofunctions greater than expected by chance. The significance of geneenrichment of biological function was derived from a p-value (p<0.05).

Results

Mouse models of embolic and spontaneous metastasis were generated asdescribed above (FIG. 1). Genes that were statistically andsignificantly differentially expressed between the metastatic tumortypes (spontaneous and embolic) and primary tumor were identified. Asshown in FIG. 2, 194 unique genes (corresponding to 226 gene probe sets)were associated with LMsp; 1062 unique genes (corresponding to 1203 geneprobe sets) were associated with LvMsp; 242 unique genes (correspondingto 271 gene probes sets) were associated with LMtv; 687 unique genes(corresponding to 788 gene probe sets) were associated with LvMsv; only9 unique genes were associated with local recurrence (LR).

The embolic lesions served as a control for the ambient changes in geneexpression associated with tumor growth in a given parenchyma, despitethe need for the earlier steps in metastatic competency. Using Vennlogic the ambient changes were excluded and the alternate expressionpatterns were targeted as a source for predictive power. Spontaneousmetastasis gene signature (SpMGS) containing 79 genes (Table 1) andembolic metastasis gene signature (EMGS) containing 32 genes (Table 2)were generated.

TABLE 1 Mouse genes identified as spontaneous metastasis gene signatureGene Symbol Gene name 1810010G06Rik (Atp2c2) ATPase, Calciumtransporting, type 2C, member 2 2010106G01Rik (Sppl2a) Signal peptidepeptidase-like 2A 2310044D20Rik (Fam174a) Family with sequencesimilarity 174, member A 2610304G08Rik (Rprd1b) Regulation of nuclearpre-mRNA domain containing 1B 2900002H16Rik (Rilpl1) Rab interactinglysosomal protein-like 1 5730536A07Rik (Fam96a) Family with sequencesimilarity 96, member A 6230421P05Rik (Bach1) BTB and CSC homology 1AA536749 (Mprip) Myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein Abcf1ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F, member1 Acat2/Acat3 Acetyl-CoenzymeA acetyltransferase 2/Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase 3 Anapc5Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 5 Arf6 ADP-ribosylation factor 6Arhgap6 Rho GTPase activating protein 6 Arl6ip6 ADP-ribosylationfactor-like 6 interacting protein 6 Atp5a1 ATP synthase H⁺ transporting,mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit isoform 1 Atp6v0c ATPase, H⁺transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit C Atp6v1c1 ATPase, H⁺ transporting,lysosomal V1 subunit C, isoform 1 BC019943 cDNA sequence BC019943BC025462 Fanconi anemia, complementation group I, mRNA with apparentretaine intron Cklfsf7 (Cmtm7) CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domaincontaining 7 Coro1c Coronin, actin binding protein, 1C D10Ertd610e(Geft) DNA segment, Chr. 10, ERATO Doi 610, expressed D10Wsu52e(HSPC117) DNA segment, Chr. 10, Wayne State University 52, expressedD6Ertd109e (Etf1) DNA segment, Chr 6, ERATO Doi 109, expressed Ddx20DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 20 Defcr15 Defensin relatedcryptdin 15 Diap1 Diaphanous homolog 1 (Drosophila) Dnahc11 Dynein,axonemal, heavy chain 11 Dock7 Dedicator of cytokinesis 7 Dpp3Dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 Eif2s3x Eukaryotic translation initiation factor2, subunit 3, structural gene X-linked Eif3s2 (Eif3i) Eukaryotictranslation initiation factor 3, subunit 2 beta Fbxw11 F-box and WD-40domain protein 11 Fos FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene Gdap10Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated-protein 10 Gem GTPbinding protein (gene overexpressed in skeletal muscle) Hcrt HypocretinHspa9a Heat shock protein 9 Ikbkb Inhibitor of kappa B kinase beta Il11Interleukin 11 Inpp5e Inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase E LgtnLigatin Lrig1 Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 1Maf1 MAF1 homolog (S. cerevisiae) Map3k7 Mitogen-activated proteinkinase kinase kinase 7 Mll3 Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3Mpa2 (Gbp4)/LOC547126 Guanylate binding protein 4 Mrpl41 Mitochondrialribosomal protein L41 Mtfr1 Mitochondrial fission regulator 1 Nedd4Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4 PapolaPoly (A) polymerase alpha Pbef1 (Nampt) Nicotinamidephosphoribosyltransferase Pms2 Postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (S.cerevisiae) Ppp2r2d Protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, deltaisoform Preb Prolactin regulatory element binding Ptdss1Phosphatidylserine synthase 1 Pvr Poliovirus receptor Rab31 RAB31,member RAS oncogene family Rest RE1-silencing transcription factorSamd11 Sterile alpha motif domain containing 11 Serhl Serinehydrolase-like Sfrs2ip Splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 2,interacting protein Slc19a1 Solute carrier family 19 (sodium/hydrogenexchanger), member 1 Snrpn Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein N Sntb2Syntrophin, basic 2 Sorcs3 Sortilin-related VPS10 domain containingreceptor 3 Sox4 SRY-box containing gene 4 Sprr2j Small proline-richprotein 2J Stam2 Signal transducing adaptor molecule (SH3 domain andITAM motif) 2 Stx5a Syntaxin 5A Thrap3 Thyroid hormone receptorassociated protein 3 Tob2 Transducer of ERBB2, 2 Tufm Tu translationelongation factor, mitochondrial Ubc Ubiquitin C Ube2e1Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2E 1, UBC4/5 homolog (yeast) Ube3aUbiquitin protein ligase E3A Usp7 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 V1rd2Vomeronasal 1 receptor, D2 Xbp1 X-box binding protein 1

TABLE 2 Mouse genes identified as embolic metastasis gene signature GeneSymbol Gene Name 2810003C17Rik Allograft inflammatory factor 1-like(Aif1l/C9orf58) 6720467C03Rik Family with sequence similarity 92, memberA (Fam92a) Adamts15 A disintegrin-like and metallopeptidase (reprolysintype) with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 15 Adrb1 Adrenergic receptor,beta 1 Akap12 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein (gravin) 12 Ap3b1Adaptor-related protein complex 3, beta 1 subunit Atp1b1 ATPase, Na+/K+transporting, beta 1 polypeptide Bhlhb5 Basic helix-loop-helix domaincontaining, class B5 Cpxm2 Carboxypeptidase X 2 (M14 family) Cxcl12Chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 12 Dpep1 Dipeptidase 1 (renal) DspDesmoplakin Eln Elastin Fcgr2b Fc receptor, IgG, low affinity IIb Folr2Folate receptor 2 (fetal) Gkap1 G kinase anchoring protein 1 Gnai1Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha inhibiting 1Gucy1b3 Guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, beta 3 Heph Hephaestin Il4raInterleukin 4 receptor, alpha Inmt Indolethylamine N-methyltransferaseKlf15 Kruppel-like factor 15 Klhl13 Kelch-like 13 (Drosophila) LumLumican Mbd1 Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 1 Mylk Myosin, lightpolypeptide kinase Slc9a3r2 Solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogenexchanger), member 3 regulator 2 Sox17 SRY-box containing gene 17Sparcl1 SPARC-like 1 Tgfb1i1 Transforming growth factor beta 1 inducedtranscript 1 Tmem30b Transmembrane protein 30B Tsc22d3 TSC22 domainfamily, member 3

An annotation study using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software wasperformed to evaluate whether the SpMGS signature was enriched in genesthat are coordinately involved in specific biological pathways ormolecular and cellular functions. Among the 79 SpMGS genes, 67 genesmapped onto the Ingenuity network, 12 genes were unmapped, and 40 of thegenes were eligible for functional or pathways analysis. Thirty geneswere significantly enriched in molecular and cellular functions whichclassified into 24 categories. The overall annotation of the genes inthe SpMGS is summarized in Table 3. The top functions were cellulardevelopment, cell death, cell morphology, gene expression, and RNAdamage and repair.

TABLE 3 Functional classification of SpMGS by pathway analysis Molecularand Cell Function No. p-value Gene Symbol Cellular development 97.19E−05-4.94E−02 FOS, IKBKB, GEM, HCRT, M-RIP, MAP3K7, SLC19A1, GEFT,IL11 Cell death 8 6.56E−04-4.27E−02 FOS, IKBKB, ARF6, MAP3K7, DPP3,NAMPT, STAM2, IL11 Cell morphology 8 9.96E−04-4.73E−02 FOS, DIAPH1,ARF6, HCRT, ATP6V0C, M-RIP, GEM, REST Cell to cell signaling and 79.96E−04-4.68E−02 IKBKB, FOS, ARF6, DIAPH1, HCRT, interaction SLC19A1,IL11 Gene expression 7 9.96E−04-4.68E−02 IKBKB, FOS, MAP3K7, REST, ETF1,IL11, BACH1 RNA damage and repair 2 9.96E−04-9.96E−04 FOS, MAP3K7 RNApost-transcriptional 3 9.96E−04-4.27E−02 FOS, MAP3K7, DDX20 modificationLipid metabolism 4 1.19E−03-4.68E−02 ARF6, ACAT2, HCRT, INPP5E Moleculartransport 10 1.19E−03-4.68E−02 FOS, IKBKB, ARF6, ATP6V0C, ACAT2, HCRT,ATP6V1C1, INPP5E, SLC19A1, NAMPT Small molecule biochemistry 71.19E−03-4.68E−02 FOS, ARF6, ACAT2, HCRT, INPP5E, SLC19A1, NAMPT Cellcycle 2 4.35E−03-4.52E−02 IKBKB, FOS Cellular assembly and 84.35E−03-4.68E−02 CORO1C, ARF6, DIAPH1, M-RIP, organization REST, STX5,DDX20, GEFT Cellular growth and 3 4.35E−03-4.68E−02 FOS, IKBKB, IL11proliferation DNA replication, 3 4.35E−03-4.27E−02 FOS, PMS2recombination, and repair Nucleic acid metabolism 1 4.35E−03-2.16E−02SLC19A1 Vitamin and mineral 1 4.35E−03-3.43E−02 SLC19A1 metabolismCellular function and 7   7E−03-4.68E−02 FOS, IKBKB, CORO1C, ARF6,DIAPH1, maintenance STX5, SLC19A1 Cellular compromise 28.68E−03-4.27E−02 ATP6V0C, PMS2 Drug metabolism 3 8.68E−03-4.68E−02 FOS,HCRT, SLC19A1 Protein synthesis 6 1.24E−02-3.67E−02 EIF2S3, DPP3,ANAPC5, EIF3I, ABCF1, MRPL41 Carbohydrate metabolism 2  1.3E−02-3.43E−02FOS, NAMPT Cellular movement 2 1.73E−02-4.27E−02 DIAPH1, GEM, IL11 Aminoacid metabolism 2 2.58E−02-3.43E−02 FOS, SLC19A1 Cell signaling 22.58E−02-4.42E−02 IKBKB, MAP3K7

Example 2 Validation of Metastatic Gene Signatures in Human BreastCancer Patients

This example provides validation of the metastatic gene signatures aspredictive of survival in human breast cancer patients.

Methods

Application of Gene Signatures to Public Datasets: To compare expressiondata from the mouse and human datasets a correspondence had to be madebetween probes on the mouse arrays with probes on the human arrays.Mouse signature gene symbols were matched to human gene symbols by usinga mouse-human homology gene list provided by Microarray Data Base (mAdb,Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NationalInstitutes of Health). The gene symbol identifier was then used to matchgenes represented in different microarray datasets. For cDNAmicroarrays, genes with fluorescent hybridization signals at least1.5-fold greater than the local background fluorescent signal in thereference channel (Cy3) were considered adequately measured and wereselected for further analyses. For Affymetrix microarray data, signalintensity values were z-transformed into ratios, and genes withtechnically adequate measurements obtained from at least 90% of thesamples in a given dataset were selected for analysis. Gene value wasgenerated by the averaging of each probe set within a given experimentalgroup. The patterns of expression in published datasets weresubsequently analyzed according to the identified gene signature.Averaged linkage clustering was performed using Cluster Software. Afterapplication of each signature, the sample data from each public datasetwas segregated into two classes based on the first bifurcation of itshierarchical dendrogram. This most proximal bifurcation represents themost fundamental surrogate of fidelity of the samples profile with thetested signature. Survival analysis was performed on each class thatresulted from the grouping.

Published Datasets Used to Validate Gene Signature

van de Vijver gene set: This was a validation study of a predictiveexpression signature, which involved 295 young patients with early stagebreast cancer, of which 151 were lymph node negative, 226 were estrogenreceptor positive, and 110 had received adjuvant chemotherapy (van deVijver et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 347:1999-2009, 2002).

GSE4922: This was a derivation study for the molecular profiling of thehistologic grading of breast cancer; the patients used are referred toas the Uppsala Cohort. Two hundred and forty nine of the 316 patients inthe cohort were used to derive the molecular profile of which 211 wereestrogen receptor-positive, 81 were lymph node positive, and 58 showedp53 mutation. Eighty six patients which overlapped with the GSE2990dataset were excluded, leaving 163 patients in this analysis. These datawere originally published by Bergh et al. (Nature Med. 1:1029-1034,1995) and reinvestigated by Ivshina et al. (Cancer Res. 66:10292-10301,2006).

GSE2034: This was a derivation and validation analysis of a genesignature for the prediction of breast cancer patient outcomes. Itconsisted of 286 lymph node negative breast cancer patients who neverreceived adjuvant chemotherapy and of which 209 were estrogen receptorpositive (Wang et al., Lancet 365:671-679, 2005).

GSE1456: This study was a derivation and validation analysis of apredictive gene signature for the outcomes of women with breast cancer.It involved 159 patients with breast cancer, of which 82% were estrogenreceptor positive, 62% were lymph node negative and 79% were treatedwith adjuvant chemotherapy (Pawitan et al., Breast Cancer Res.7:R953-R964, 2005).

GSE2990: This study was a derivation and validation analysis of acorrelative gene signature aimed at histologic grade. It involved 189women with breast cancer of which 160 were lymph node negative.Sixty-four estrogen receptor positive samples were used to derive asignature that effectively differentiates outcomes and grade (Sotiriouet al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98:262-272, 2006).

GSE7390: This study was a multicenter validation trial, to evaluate theclinical utility of a gene signature for the management of early nodenegative breast cancer. The analysis involved 198 patients, of which 22were excluded in the current analysis because of overlap with theGSE2990 dataset (Desmedt et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 13:3207-3214, 2007).

Clustering: Hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out with StanfordUniversity Cluster Software (Eisen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA95:14863-14868, 1998). The average linkage uncentered Pearsoncorrelation was used as the similarity metric for clustering of bothgenes and arrays. The clusters were visualized using TreeView (availableonline from the Eisen Lab at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Survival Analysis: Kaplan Meier estimates and log rank testing were usedto construct survival curves. Statistical significance was evaluatedusing Cox regression analysis of hazard ratios (HRs). Overall survivalin the van de Vijver, GSE4922, and GSE7390 datasets were defined as thetime interval between the first date of any form of treatment and thelast follow-up date or date of death; patients alive at the date of lastfollow-up were censored at that date. Metastasis-free survival in thevan de Vijver dataset was defined as the interval from the firsttreatment day to the day of the diagnosis of distant metastases. Allother patients were censored on their date of last follow-up, includingalive without disease, alive with locoregional recurrence, alive with asecond primary cancer, and death from an alternate cause. For theGSE2034, GSE1456 and GSE2990 datasets, the relapse-free survival wasdefined as the time interval between the date of breast surgery and thedate of a diagnosed relapse or last follow-up. Women who developedcontralateral breast cancer were censored. The data reported herein werebased on the 10-year survival calculation for the van de Vijver, GSE4922and GSE2990 datasets, 5-year survival calculation for GSE2034 andGSE1456 datasets, and 12-year survival calculation for GSE7390 dataset.Patients with missing survival data or those that were reported to havezero follow-up time were excluded from survival analyses. In anyspecific analysis involving one or more clinical variables, a patientwas excluded if the value of at least one variable was missing;resulting in slightly different numbers of patients in various analyses.All reported p-values are two-sided. Multivariate analysis by Coxproportional hazard regression and all survival statistics were done inPartek Genomics Suite.

Results

Three publicly available datasets were used to evaluate the prognosticvalue of the metastatic gene signatures. These datasets included the vande Vijver, GSE4922, and GSE2034 gene sets. Forty-eight of the SpMGSgenes were mapped to the van de Vijver dataset, 49 were mapped to theGSE4922 dataset, and 51 were mapped to the GSE2034 dataset. Patientswith incomplete clinical annotations or follow-up were excluded fromanalysis.

To facilitate visualization and identify subgroups of patients thatexpressed the SpMGS, the gene expression patterns and samples wereorganized using hierarchical clustering. The patients segregated intotwo classes, assignment of which was based on whether they expressed thegene signature. More specifically, they were defined by the firstbifurcation in the hierarchical clustering dendrogram. To correlateclinical outcome, the probability of remaining free of distantmetastases and overall survival was calculated given the geneticexpression class for each signature.

In the van de Vijver dataset, Kaplan Meier curves showed a significantassociation between the SpMGS and both overall and metastasis-freesurvival (p<0.0005) in 10-year survival analysis. This analysisindicated that the risk of metastasis was significantly higher forpatients in Class 2 than Class 1. Class 1 had better overall survivaland metastases-free survival [(94% and 85%, respectively, at 5 years),(84% and 76%, respectively, at 10 years)] compared with class 2[(77% and64%, respectively, at 5 years), (63% and 51%, respectively, at 10years)] (FIG. 3A). The univariate hazard ratio (HR) was 0.36 (p<0.00003)for metastasis and 0.33 (p=0.00014) for death. Multivariableproportional-hazards analysis confirmed that the SpMGS classificationwas a significant independent factor in predicting disease outcome(p=0.003). The SpMGS was a sensitive predictor of distant metastases,with HR of 0.46 (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Multivariable proportional-hazards analysis of risk of distantmetastasis as first event in van de Vijver dataset HR p-value SpMGS 0.460.003 Primary tumor size (≦2 cm vs. >2 cm) 0.62 0.03 Node (negative vs.positive) 0.79 0.45 Age (<45 years vs. ≧45 years) 2.05 0.0009Chemotherapy exposure (no vs. yes) 1.54 0.17 Estrogen receptor status1.1 0.69 (negative vs. positive) Differentiation: intermediate vs. well2.15 0.03 poorly vs. well 2.8 0.004

A univariate Cox proportional-hazards model was used to evaluate theassociation of the signatures with clinical outcome in each category,stratified for multiple clinical parameters. As summarized in Table 5,the prognostic profile based on SpMGS was accurate in predicting theoutcome of disease. Comparing patients in Class 1 with those in Class 2,revealed a hazard ratio (HR) for distant metastases of 0.43 forlymph-node negative patients and 0.28 for lymph-node positive patients(p<0.05 for both). Similarly, the prognostic profile was stronglyassociated with disease outcome in groups of patients with tumordiameter less than or equal 20 mm [HR=0.33, (p=0.002)] and tumordiameter greater than 20 mm [HR=0.45, (p=0.02)], as well as in patientswith age less than or equal to 45 years [HR=0.30, (p=0.00007)] and agegreater than 45 years [HR=0.46, (p=0.05)]. Furthermore, the SpMGS couldbe used to stratify tumors of well and intermediate differentiation intogood and poor prognostic subcategories [HR 0.24 and 0.26, respectively(p<0.05)], but was less correlative with the stratification of poorlydifferentiated lesions (p=0.67). The clinical corollary was significantfor tumors that were estrogen receptor positive [HR=0.36, (p<0.05)], butnot for those that were estrogen receptor negative. This analysis alsoshowed that SpMGS was a strong predictor of improved outcomes in thegroup of patients who did or did not receive chemotherapy [HR=0.25 and0.43, respectively (p<0.05), by log-rank test)].

TABLE 5 Univariate Cox proportional-hazards model for metastasis-freesurvival according to SpMGS and EMGS in van de Vijver dataset Total HRp-value patients Node positive 0.28 0.0009 144 Node negative 0.43 0.006151 Tumor size ≦2 cm 0.33 0.002 150 Tumor size >2 cm 0.45 0.02 140 Age≦45 years 0.3 0.00007 166 Age >45 years 0.46 0.05 129 Chemotherapy: yes0.25 0.002 110 Chemotherapy: no 0.43 0.003 185 Estrogen receptorpositive 0.36 0.0003 226 Estrogen receptor negative 0.75 0.63 69Differentiation: Poor 0.87 0.67 119 Intermediate 0.24 0.0008 101 Well0.26 0.03 75 Class 1 vs. class 2 hazard ratio

A similar analysis was performed on both GSE4922 and GSE2034 datasets.Information on overall survival in GSE4922 dataset and metastasis-freesurvival in GSE2034 dataset were provided in the database. The survivalanalysis showed that the risk of metastasis or death was significantlyhigher among patients with an expression profile associated with SpMGSClass 2 [HR 0.55 (p=0.019) and 0.47 (p=0.0013), respectively] (FIGS. 3Band 3C).

When similar analysis was done using the 32-gene EMGS on the three datasets, the predictive outcomes were either statistically insignificant ornot as powerful as the SpMGS (FIGS. 4A-C). However, the EMGS signaturewas statistically significantly associated with overall survival in theGSE4922 dataset (p=0.03; FIG. 4B) and with relapse-free survival in theGSE2034 dataset (p=0.04; FIG. 4C).

To determine if SpMGS is unique from previously published work, theSpMGS was cross referenced to other human breast cancer gene profiles.SpMGS has only one gene in common (PTDSS1) with the 70 gene signature byvan't Veer et al. (Nature 415:530-536, 2002; MammaPrint® signature), onegene in common (FOS) with the 264-gene signature by Ivshina et al.(Cancer Res. 66:10292-12301, 2006), and one gene in common (TOB2) withthe 186-gene signature of Liu et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 356:217-226,2007). Together these results indicated that the mouse-derived SpMGS wasan independent new expression profile that had prognostic value whenapplied to human disease.

Example 3 Identification of a Six-Gene Prognostic Signature for BreastCancer

This example describes evaluation of the prognostic value of theindividual genes in the SpMGS and EMGS signatures, and identification ofa six-gene signature associated with breast cancer prognosis.

Methods

To further evaluate the prognostic value of each gene within thesignatures, inter-cohort multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysisof each signature gene was performed. Six genes of SpMGS were predictivein all three datasets (van de Vijver, GSE4922, and GSE2034). Survivalanalysis was performed on the 3 original public datasets described inExample 1 (van de Vijver, GSE4922 and GSE2034) utilizing the 6-genemodel. Additionally, the 6-gene model was tested against threeadditional independent public datasets (GSE1456, GSE2990, GSE7390;described in Example 2).

Results

To further evaluate the prognostic value of each gene within thesignatures, multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis of eachsignature gene was performed in different datasets based on clinicalinformation. Genes significantly correlated with patient outcomes(p<0.05) were determined for each data sets. Only genes with p<0.05 andpresent in at least one of three data sets were selected. Among thethree data sets, a total of 17 unique genes were derived from theoriginal 79 SpMGS genes (Table 6). Further, 12 of these 17 (70.6%) SpMGSgenes had a hazard ratio of greater than 1 (indicating thatup-regulation of those genes will lead to poor prognosis), of which 6genes were predictive in all three datasets. This served as the logicand derivation of the 6-gene model. In contrast, 5 of the 17 genes had ahazard ratio of less than 1, indicating that down-regulation of thosegenes will lead to poor prognosis. Sixteen of 32 genes from EMGS presentin all three datasets had significant association with prognosis profile(p<0.05), however, only 4 of these (25%) had a hazard ratio of greaterthan 1 (Table 7).

TABLE 6 SpMGS genes with significant sensitivity in predicting prognosisin three datasets Symbol HR (gene) p-value(gene) ABCF1 2.60 <0.001 PREB2.05 0.007 PAPOLA 2.04 0.013 PTDSS1 2.00 <0.001 DOCK7 1.87 <0.001 HSPA91.79 0.023 CORO1C 1.71 0.002 DPP3 1.63 0.005 ANAPC5 1.29 0.009 FBXW111.26 0.042 UBE3A 1.24 0.046 ATP6V1C1 1.23 0.031 D10Wsu52e (HSPC117) 0.800.018 XBP1 0.68 <0.001 FOS 0.66 0.013 TOB2 0.47 0.050 HCRT 0.43 0.046Bold type indicates genes with a hazard ratio greater than 1.

TABLE 7 EMGS genes with significant sensitivity in predicting prognosisin three datasets Symbol HR (gene) p-value(gene) GNAI1 2.30 <0.001 HEPH1.85 0.012 C9orf58 1.43 0.031 TGFB1I1 1.35 0.009 DPEP1 0.83 0.032 FOLR20.82 0.030 DSP 0.82 0.049 TMEM30B 0.81 0.048 LUM 0.78 0.042 KLF15 0.770.018 TSC22D3 0.75 0.004 ATP1B1 0.73 0.003 ELN 0.69 0.006 BHLHB5 0.670.015 CXCL12 0.64 <0.001 SPARCL1 0.57 <0.001 Bold type indicates geneswith a hazard ratio greater than 1.

The genes with high hazard ratios were considered high yield componentsof the predictive model. As such, six genes of the twelve gene SpMGSsubgroup were selected, and tested for predictive power as a stand aloneexpression signature. This “6-gene-model” consists of the followinggenes: Abcf1, Coro1c, Dpp3, Preb, Ptdss1 and Ube3a (Table 8).

TABLE 8 Genes included in the 6-gene model Gene Symbol Gene Name andDescription ABCF1 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family F, member 1 Thisprotein may be regulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and play a rolein enhancement of protein synthesis and the inflammation process CORO1CCoronin, actin binding protein, 1C This gene encodes a member of the WDrepeat protein family. Members of this family are involved in a varietyof cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signaltransduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation DPP3 Dipeptidyl-peptidase 3This gene encodes a protein that is a member of the S9B family in clanSC of the serine proteases. Increased activity of this protein isassociated with certain type of cancers PREB Prolactin regulatorybinding-element protein This protein may act as a transcriptionalregulator and is thought to be involved in some of the developmentalabnormalities UBE3A Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A This gene encodes an E3ubiquitin-protein ligase, part of the ubiquitin protein degradationsystem PTDSS1 Phosphatidylserine synthase 1 This gene is related to thephosphorous metabolism and lipid biosynthesis

Survival analysis on the original three public datasets indicated thatthe 6-gene model was powerful in predicting patient outcome (FIG. 5A).The six-gene model also predicted survival independent of known clinicalvariables based on multivariable proportional hazards analysis using thevan de Vijver data set (Table 9). The same analysis was performed onthree additional independent public datasets to independently validatethe model (FIG. 5B). These analyses revealed a significant associationbetween the 6-gene model and relapse-free survival in the GSE1456 andGSE2990 datasets, and overall survival in the GSE7390 dataset bylog-rank test (Table 10). In all datasets tested, patients with poorprognosis correlated largely with up-regulation of the 6 genes based oncluster analysis.

TABLE 9 Multivariable Proportional-Hazards Analysis of risk of distantmetastasis as first event in van de Vijver's dataset based on 6-genemodel HR p-value Six-gene model 0.30 <0.00001 Primary tumor size (≦2 cmvs. >2 cm) 0.56 0.006 Node (negative vs. positive) 0.93 0.8 Age (<45 vs.≧45 years) 1.62 0.02 Chemotherapy exposure (no vs. yes) 1.89 0.04 ER(negative vs. positive) 0.74 0.25 Differentiation: Intermediate vs. well1.15 0.61 Poorly vs. well 1.06 0.83

TABLE 10 Survival analysis in public datasets based on 6-gene modelDataset p-value (p-SpMGS*) Clinical End-point Original: Datasets van de1.03e−009 (1.39e−004) Overall survival (10 year) Vijver GSE4922 0.009(0.05)  Disease-free survival (10 year) GSE2034 0.0036 (0.0013)Relapse-free survival (5 year) Independent Datasets: GSE1456 0.0009Relapse-free survival (5 year) GSE2990 0.03 Relapse-free survival (10year) GSE7390 0.015 Overall survival (12 year) *p-value of survivalanalysis based on SpMGS

Example 4 Validation of Six-Gene Prognostic Signature in Lung Cancer

This example describes validation of the six-gene prognostic signaturein a lung cancer dataset.

Survival analysis was performed on six public datasets utilizing the6-gene model as described in Example 3.

Lung Cancer Data Sets

GSE4573 data set: This was a derivation and validation analysis of agene signature for the prediction of lung cancer patient outcomes. Itconsisted of 130 patients with squamous cell carcinomas from all stages(Raponi et al., Cancer Res. 66:7466-7472, 2006).

GSE11117 data set: This was a derivation and validation analysis of agene signature for the prediction of lung cancer patient outcomes. Itinvolved 41 chemotherapy-naive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC)patients (Baty et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 181:181-188,2010).

Data sets published by National Cancer Institute director's challengeconsortium for the molecular classification of lung adenocarcinoma andShedden et al. (Nature Med. 14:822-827, 2008).

Moffitt Cancer Center data set (HLM): This was a derivation andvalidation analysis of a gene signature for the prediction of lungcancer patient outcomes. It involved 79 patients with NSCLC of allstages.

University of Michigan Cancer Center data set (MICH): This was aderivation and validation analysis of a gene signature for theprediction of lung cancer patient outcomes. It involved 177 patientswith NSCLC of all stages.

The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute data set (DFCI): This was a derivationand validation analysis of a gene signature for the prediction of lungcancer patient outcomes. It involved 82 patients with NSCLC of allstages.

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC): This was a derivationand validation analysis of a gene signature for the prediction of lungcancer patient outcomes. It involved 104 patients with NSCLC of allstages.

As summarized in Table 11, the six-gene model was able to stratify poorfrom good prognosis with statistical significance in GSE4573 and MoffittCancer Center data sets (P=0.04 and P=0.03, respectively). Although thepredictions of other data sets

(GSE11117, University of Michigan Cancer Center, The Dana-Farber CancerInstitute, and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) were notstatistically significant, they trended toward poor prognosis (P=0.09,P=0.08, P=0.07, and P=0.09, respectively) and were well separated byKaplan-Meier curves (FIG. 6). This indicates that the 6-gene signaturecan predict outcome in cancer types other than breast cancer.

TABLE 11 Survival analysis in public lung cancer datasets based on6-gene model Total # Kaplan-Meier Cancer Dataset Patients (p) HR typeGSE4573 130 0.04 0.52 SCC GSE11117 41 0.09 0.51 NSCLC HLM 79 0.03 0.52NSCLC MICH 177 0.08 0.66 NSCLC DFCI 82 0.07 0.49 NSCLC MSKCC 104 0.090.51 NSCLC SCC, squamous cell lung carcinoma; NSCLC, non-small cell lungcancer

Example 5 Prognosis of Cancer

This example describes particular methods that can be used to prognose asubject diagnosed with cancer. However, one skilled in the art willappreciate that methods that deviate from these specific methods canalso be used to successfully provide the prognosis of a subject withcancer.

A tumor sample and adjacent non-tumor sample is obtained from thesubject. Approximately 1-100 μg of tissue is obtained for each sampletype, for example using a fine needle aspirate. RNA and/or protein isisolated from the tumor and non-tumor tissues using routine methods (forexample using a commercial kit).

In one example, the prognosis of a tumor (for example, a breast tumor orlung tumor) is determined by detecting expression levels of ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 in a tumor sample obtained from asubject by microarray analysis or real-time quantitative PCR. Forexample, the disclosed gene signature can be utilized. The relativeexpression level of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 in thetumor sample is compared to the control (e.g., RNA isolated fromadjacent non-tumor tissue from the subject). In other cases, the controlis a reference value, such as the relative amount of such moleculespresent in non-tumor samples obtained from a group of healthy subjectsor cancer subjects. An increase in expression of five of, or all ofABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 in the tumor samplerelative to the control (such as an increase of at least about 1.5-fold,for example at least about 2-fold, about 2.5-fold, about 3-fold, about4-fold, about 5-fold, about 7-fold or about 10-fold) indicates a poorprognosis, such as a decrease in the likelihood of survival, for thesubject.

In another example, the relative expression of cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules is determined at the protein level bymethods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as proteinmicroarray, Western blot, or immunoassay techniques. Total protein isisolated from the tumor sample and control (non-tumor) sample andcompared using any suitable technique. An increase in protein expressionof five of, or all of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 inthe tumor sample relative to the control (such as an increase of atleast about 1.5-fold, for example at least about 2-fold, about 2.5-fold,about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 7-fold or about 10-fold)indicates a poor prognosis, such as a decrease in the likelihood ofsurvival, for the subject.

Example 6 Diagnosis of Cancer

This example describes particular methods that can be used to diagnose asubject with cancer. However, one skilled in the art will appreciatethat methods that deviate from these specific methods can also be usedto successfully provide the diagnosis of a subject with cancer.

A tumor sample and adjacent non-tumor sample is obtained from thesubject. Approximately 1-100 μg of tissue is obtained for each sampletype, for example using a fine needle aspirate. RNA and/or protein isisolated from the tumor and non-tumor tissues using routine methods (forexample using a commercial kit).

In one example, the diagnosis of a malignant tumor is determined bydetecting expression levels of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, andPTDSS1 in the tumor sample obtained from a subject by microarrayanalysis or real-time quantitative PCR. For example, the disclosed genesignature can be utilized. The relative expression level of ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 in the tumor sample is compared tothe control (e.g., RNA isolated from adjacent non-tumor tissue from thesubject). In other cases, the control is a reference value, such as therelative amount of such molecules present in non-tumor samples obtainedfrom a group of healthy subjects or cancer subjects. An increase inexpression of five of, or all of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, andPTDSS1 in the tumor sample relative to the control (such as an increaseof at least about 1.5-fold, for example at least about 2-fold, about2.5-fold, about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 7-fold orabout 10-fold) indicates the presence of a malignant tumor in thesubject.

In another example, the relative expression of cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules is determined at the protein level bymethods known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as proteinmicroarray, Western blot, or immunoassay techniques. Total protein isisolated from the tumor sample and control (non-tumor) sample andcompared using any suitable technique. An increase in protein expressionof five of, or all of ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 inthe tumor sample relative to the control (such as an increase of atleast about 1.5-fold, for example at least about 2-fold, about 2.5-fold,about 3-fold, about 4-fold, about 5-fold, about 7-fold or about 10-fold)indicates the presence of a malignant tumor in the subject.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of thedisclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustratedembodiments are only examples and should not be taken as limiting thescope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined bythe following claims. We therefore claim as our invention all that comeswithin the scope and spirit of these claims.

We claim:
 1. A method of detecting gene expression in a lung tumor or abreast tumor, comprising: detecting expression of cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules consisting of ATP-binding cassette,subfamily F, member 1 (ABCF1); coronin, actin binding protein, 1C(CORO1C); dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 (DPP3); prolactin regulatorybinding-element protein (PREB); ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A);and phosphatidylserine synthase 1 (PTDSS1) in a lung tumor sample or abreast tumor sample obtained from a subject with the lung tumor or thebreast tumor.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein expression of ABCF1,CORO1C, DPP3, PREB, UBE3A, and PTDSS1 is measured by real timequantitative polymerase chain reaction or microarray analysis.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising detecting expression of 1 to 10housekeeping genes.
 4. A method of detecting gene expression in a lungtumor or a breast tumor, comprising: detecting expression of cancersurvival factor-associated molecules consisting of 6-17 cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules selected from ATP-binding cassette,subfamily F, member 1 (ABCF1); prolactin regulatory binding-elementprotein (PREB); poly (A) polymerase alpha (PAPOLA); phosphatidylserinesynthase 1 (PTDSS1); dedicator of cytokinesis 7 (DOCK7); heat shockprotein 9 (HSPA9); coronin, actin binding protein, 1C (CORO1C);dipeptidyl-peptidase 3 (DPP3); anaphase-promoting complex subunit 5(ANAPC5); F-box and WD-40 domain protein 11 (FBXW11); ubiquitin proteinligase E3A (UBE3A); ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit C,isoform 1 (ATP6V1C1); DNA segment, Chr. 10, Wayne State University 52,expressed (D10WSU52E (HSPC117)); X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1); FBJosteosarcoma oncogene (FOS); transducer of ERBB2, 2 (TOB2); andhypocretin (HCRT) in a lung tumor sample or breast tumor sample obtainedfrom a subject with the lung tumor or the breast tumor, wherein the 6-17cancer survival associated molecules comprise ABCF1, CORO1C, DPP3, PREB,UBE3A, and PTDSS1.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein expression of the6-17 cancer survival factor-associated molecules is measured by realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction or microarray analysis. 6.The method of claim 4, further comprising detecting expression of 1 to10 housekeeping genes.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcomparing expression of the cancer survival factor-associated moleculesin the tumor sample to a non-tumor control.
 8. The method of claim 4,further comprising comparing expression of the cancer survivalfactor-associated molecules in the tumor sample to a non-tumor control.